Cardiac & Vascular Disorders

Front 1

two upper chambers

Back 1

Atria
Left & Right

Front 2

two lower chamber

Back 2

Ventricles
Left and Right

Front 3

PMI (point of maximal impulse)/ Apex

Back 3

4-5th intercostal space left midclavicular line.

Front 4

endocardium

Back 4

inner layer, lines the heart chambers

Front 5

myocardium

Back 5

middle layer consists of muscle fibers enables the haert to contract
*heart attack (MI) can occur if O2 cannot reach muscle

Front 6

epicardium

Back 6

outer layer embeaded with coronary arteries

Front 7

Blood Flow through Heart

Back 7

superior and inferior vena cava,R atrium,tricuspid valve,R ventricle,pulmonic valve,pulmonary artery,lungs,pulmonary veins,L atrium, bicuspid/mitral valve,L ventricle, aortic valve,aorta,body.

Front 8

atrioventricular valves

Back 8

mitral/bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve

Front 9

semilunar valves

Back 9

aortic valve
pulmonic valve

Front 10

valves purpose

Back 10

keep blood flowing in one direction and keep blood in one chamber until next chamber is ready, valve closure produces heart sounds S1 and S2

Front 11

S1 (lub)

Back 11

occurs when ventricles contract during systole and when mitral/bicuspid and tricuspid valves close

Front 12

S2 (dub)

Back 12

occurs during ventricular relaxation or diastole and caused by closing of aortic and pulmonic valves

Front 13

collateral arteries

Back 13

vessels develop as result to blockage in arteries overtime

Front 14

sinoatrial node SA node

Back 14

pacemaker of heart
initiates first electrical impulse/heart beat
contraction of atrium
signals AVnode
60-100 beats/min
Pwave

Front 15

atrioventricular node/ AV node

Back 15

delay in transmission: to allow atria to empty before ventricles contract
sent towards ventricles through bundle of his
delay forms PR segment
40-60beats/min

Front 16

bundle of his

Back 16

divides into right and left bundle branches that terminate at purkinje fibers
left branch stimulates left ventrical
right branch stimulates right ventrical

Front 17

purkinje fibers

Back 17

terminal ends of left and right bundle branches
when impulse reaches signals ventricles to contract
forms QRS complex
20-40 beats/min if SA ans AV nodes fail

Front 18

depolarization

Back 18

stimulatio of the cardiac cells causing contraction and release energy

Front 19

repolarization

Back 19

resting states of cells/muscle
energy restored
T wave for ventricals
atrial is hidden in QRS complex

Front 20

autonomic nervous system: sympathetic

Back 20

increase heart rate
speeds conduction through AV node
strengthens contractions of heart

Front 21

autonomic system: parasympathetic

Back 21

decreases heart rate
slows conduction through AV node PR seg longer
decreases strength of contractions
part of vagus nerve

Front 22

cardiac function

Back 22

to pump blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulation
with continous patterns of relaxation and contractions that equal one heart beat

Front 23

systole

Back 23

contraction of the heart muscle
ventricles filled with blood and contract

Front 24

diastole

Back 24

relaxation of heart muscle
ventricles refil with blood

Front 25

stroke volume

Back 25

amount of blood pumped out of one ventricle and out the heart

Front 26

cardiac output

Back 26

blood ejected from the heart
SV x beat/min = TCO

Front 27

preload

Back 27

amount of blood remaining in the ventricle at the end of diastole
decreased by dehydration and hemmorrage

Front 28

contractility

Back 28

ability of the muscle fibers to produce a contraction

Front 29

afterload

Back 29

amount of pressure the ventricles must overcome to force blood out
decreased by vasodilation

Front 30

systemic circulation

Back 30

transports nutrients and O2 to body cells
carries away waste
arteries branch into smaller vessels and then into veins

Front 31

pulmonary circulation

Back 31

carries blood to lungs to exchange CO2 for O2

Front 32

age related changes of heart

Back 32

decreased elasticity of muscles
valves thicken and stiffen
pacemakers cells decrease
longer to respond and cope to stress
dysrhythmias more common
slow adaption to position change
arteries stiffer
veins stretch and dialate causing venous stasis and impaired venous return

Front 33

CK-MB

Back 33

put off by cardiac muscleonset 4-6 hours
peak 12-24 hours
duration 2-3 days
range 0-3

Front 34

troponins

Back 34

proteins released by heart (MI)
onset 3hours
peak 24hours
duration 10 days
ranges T:<0.2
I<0.3

Front 35

myoglobin

Back 35

onset 1 hour
peak 6-7 hours
duration 24 hours
range <90
not cardiac specific

Front 36

total cholesterol

Back 36

fats
<200

Front 37

LDL
low density lip proteins

Back 37

bad
<100

Front 38

HDL
high density lipo proteins

Back 38

good
>40

Front 39

triglycerides

Back 39

<150
most common fat
leads to CAD

Front 40

b-type natriuretics peptide
BNP

Back 40

<100 if more than 500 (CHF)
stretching of ventricles and dialating

Front 41

c-reactive protein
CRP

Back 41

<1 >3 risk for heart disease
abnormal if no imflamation problem due to cardiac event high risk

Front 42

electrocardiogram
ECG/EKG

Back 42

electrodes placed on skins surface to pick up electrical activity being produced by heart during cardiac cycle

non-invasive (front view)
telementry: continous hosp. 5 leads one choosen to monitor
12 lead EKG: snapshot picture of 12 different perspectives more precise
Holter monitor: portable 24-48 hours
stored and evaluated info and diary kept

Front 43

stress test

Back 43

exercice tolerance
CAD
on EKG stop test if symptoms occur

Front 44

thallium stress test

Back 44

started with thallium injection iv to be taken up by norm healthy cardiac cells cold spots are dead

Front 45

persantine stress test

Back 45

for pt's unable to exercise mimicks exercise with meds