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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define perfusion.
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Supplying oxygen to body organs and other tissues.
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List 2 other systems that work with the CV system to meet the human need for oxygen ation and tissue perfusion.
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Respiratory and Hematologic Systems
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What is the #1 cause of death in the US?
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
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CVD is the leading cause of death for whom?
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women
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Describe the structure of the heart.
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It's a fist-sized, muscular organ located in the mediastinum between the lungs.
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How much blood does the heart pump.
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About 5L/min or 60mls. This can double during strenuous activity.
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Define pericardium.
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The protective covering of the heart.
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A muscular wall that separates the two halves of the heart is called...
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The septum.
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Each half has both upper and lower chambers. Define.
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Upper chambers ~ atrium. Lower chambers ~ ventricles.
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What kind of blood does the right atrium receive?
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Deoxygenated venous blood (venous return) from the body though the superior and inferior vena cava.
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Describe the blood flow throught the heart.
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Right atrium - through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle - through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery into the lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - throught the mitral valve into the left ventricle - though the aortic valve into the systemic circulation
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What is the pressure in the aorta?
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100 - 120mm Hg
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What is the pressure in the Right Atrium?
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0 - 5 mm Hg
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Define pressure gradiant.
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When there is blood flowing from a higher pressure area to that of a lower pressure area.
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Define atrioventricular valve.
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Valves between the atrium and ventricles.
Tricuspid (right) Mitral (left) |
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Define semilunar valve.
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Valves that prevent the back flow of blood into the ventricles.
Pulmonic & Aortic |
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What is a modifiable risk factor with CAD?
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Smoking
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What does an ECHO look at?
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An ECHO is a noninvasive assessment of the structures of the heart.
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What is the best indicator of drastic changes in fluid volume in a heart failure patient?
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Daily weights
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What should you ask about when a patient presents with unexplained brusing?
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Ask about their aspirin intake
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What affect does HF have on the the body.
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Causes insufficient perfusion of body tissue with vital nutrients and oxygen.
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What are the 4 major types of Heart Failure?
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Left sided - Right sided - Systolic - Diastolic
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Name the characteristics of Left sided heart failure.
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Pulmondary edema, and further subdivided into systolic HF and diastolic HF
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Describe systolic heart failure.
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Systolic ventricular dysfunction - systolic heart failure results when the heart is unable to contract forcefully enough during systole to ejct adequate amounts of blood into the circulation, resultin in diminshed tissue perfusion. The ejection fraction drops from a normal of 50-70% to below 40%. Tissue perfusion diminishes and blood acucumulates in the pulmonary vessels.
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__________ is the leading cause of both (CAD) coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease leading to a stroke.
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Atherosclerosis, at type of arteriosclerosis
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___________ is the thickening and hardening of arterial walls in the vascular system.
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Atherosclerosis
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Name the risk factors for atherosclerosis.
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Genetics, high fat/high calorie diets, some diseases such as diabetes mellitus, smoking and seditary lifestyle.
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What should your assessment look for with a patient known to have artherosclerosis?
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Difference in BP or pulses in arms. Prolonged capillary refill, temperature changes in the lower extremities, arterial bruits over carotid and femoral arteries. Elevated LDL and low-normal HDL.
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What interventions do you include for patients known to have atherosclerosis?
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Teaching to limit cholesterol and fat intake.
Exercise Administration of cholesterol-lowering agents. Smoking cessation. |
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What does CAD affect?
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The arteries that provide blood, oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium.
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What is the most common cause of CAD?
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Atherosclerosis
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Describe stable angina.
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Discomfort that occurs with exertion in a pattern that is familiar to the patient and that has not increased in frequency, duration, or intensity of symptoms during the past several months; it is usually associated with a stable atherosclerotic plaque.
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Describe unstable angina.
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Chest pain or discomfort that is new or newly occurs at rest or with minimal exertion or an increase in the number of episodes (“attacks”) or an increase in the quality or intensity of pain.
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