Cardiac Surgery, Valve Disease, And Chest Trauma

Front 1

regurgitation

Back 1

backward flow of blood through a heart valve

Front 2

stenosis

Back 2

narrowing or obstruction of a cardiac valve's orifice

Front 3

total artificial heart

Back 3

mechanical device used to aid a failing heart, assisting the right and left ventricles

Front 4

tricuspid valve

Back 4

atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and right ventric

Front 5

valve replacement

Back 5

insertion of a device at the site of a malfunctioning heart valve to restore blood flow in one direction through the heart

Front 6

valvuloplasty

Back 6

repair of a stenosed or regurgitant cardiac valve by commissurotomy, annuloplasty, leaflet repair, or chordoplasty (or a combination of procedures)

Front 7

ventricular assist device

Back 7

mechanical device used to aid a failing right or left ventricle

Front 8

xenograft

Back 8

heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve (synonym: heterograft

Front 9

Mitral Valve Prolapse
S/s

Back 9

-Usually none
-of fatigue
-shortness of breath
--lightheadedness
-dizziness
-syncope palpitations
-chest pain
-anxiety

Front 10

Mitral Regurgitation
s/s

Back 10

-often asymptomatic
-Dyspnea
- fatigue
- weakness
-Palpitations
- SOB on exertion
-cough from pulmonary congestion also occur.

Front 11

Mitral Stenosis
s/s

Back 11

-DOE
- fatigue
-hemoptysis
- cough
- wheeze
-palpitations
- orthopnea
-paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
-repeated respiratory infections.

Front 12

Aortic regurgitation
def

Back 12

flow of blood back into the left ventricle from the aorta during diastole. It may be caused by inflammatory

Front 13

Aortic regurgitation
s/s

Back 13

most pts no symptoms
forceful heartbeat
marked visible or palpable arterial pulsations
DOE
fatigue
breathing difficulties

Front 14

Water- Hammer pulse
(corrigans pulse)

Back 14

Characteristic sign of aortic regurge. pulse strikes the palpating finger with a quick, sharp stroke and then suddenly collapse

Front 15

Aortic valve stenosis
def

Back 15

is narrowing of the orifice between the left ventricle and the aorta. In adults, the stenosis is often a result of degenerative calcifications

Front 16

Aortic valve stenosis
s/s

Back 16

may be assymptomatic
DOE
Orthopnea
PND
pulmonary edema
dizziness
syncope
Angina pectoris

Front 17

Prolapse

Back 17

Prolapse is the stretching of an AV heart valve leaflet into the atrium during systole.

Front 18

MVR Causes

Back 18

•MVP
•Damaged tissue cords
•Rheumatic Fever
•Endocarditis
•Wear & tear of valves
•Prior heart attack
•Untreated HTN
•Congenital heard defects

Front 19

Mitral Valve StenosisCauses

Back 19

•Rheumatic Fever, most common cause (strep infection)
•Causes leaflets to thicken limiting ability to open and fuse together preventing opening and closing properly
•Congenital Heart Disease
•Other: Calcium deposits, radiation, blood clots

Front 20

Aortic Regurgitation Causes

Back 20

•Congenital Heart Defect
•Deterioration of valve from age
•Endocarditis
•Rheumatic Fever
•Other Causes: Marfan’s Syndrome; Ankylosing Spondylitis, Syphilis, Trauma

Front 21

Aortic Stenosis-Causes

Back 21

•Congenital heart defect
•Calcium build up on valve
•Rheumatic Fever
•Aortic valve opens as LV contracts and blood flows into aorta. When blood goes through valve and LV relaxed, leaflets swing close and prevent blood flow back into LV.

Front 22

Cardiomyopathy

Back 22

is a series of progressive events that culminates in impaired cardiac output and can lead to heart failure, sudden death, or dysrhythmias.

Front 23

Endocarditis

Back 23

•Bacteria or other germ from another part of the body, i.e. mouth, spread through blood system damaging heart
microbial infection of the endothelial surface of the heart. Vegetative growths occur and may embolize to tissues throughout the body.

Front 24

Endocarditis
Symptoms:

Back 24

•Fever/chills
•Heart murmur
•Fatigue
•Achy joints/muscles
•SOB

Front 25

Endocarditis–Risk Factors
•

Back 25

Artificial heart valve
•Congenital heart disease
•Previous history of endocarditis
•Damaged heart valve
•H/O IV drug use

Front 26

Mitral valve prolapse
?abx

Back 26

This therapy is prescribed for symptomatic patients and for asymptomatic patients who have both a systolic click and murmur or mitral regurgitation

Front 27

Mitral stenosis
Abx proph?

Back 27

yes

Front 28

aortic regurge
antibiotic proph?

Back 28

yes

Front 29

aortic stenosis
abx proph?

Back 29

Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent endocarditis is essential for anyone with aortic stenosis undergoing invasive procedures

Front 30

Valvular Heart Ds
Nursing Assessment

Back 30

Signs and symptoms of heart failure, such as fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, an increase in coughing, hemoptysis, multiple respiratory infections, orthopnea, and PND Dysrhythmias, by palpating the patient's pulse for strength and rhythm (ie, regular or irregular) and asking whether the patient has experienced palpitations or felt forceful heartbeats )
Symptoms such as dizziness, syncope, increased weakness, or angina pectoris

Front 31

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Back 31

). DCM is distinguished by significant dilation of the ventricles without simultaneous hypertrophy (ie, increased muscle wall thickness) and systolic dysfunction
Most common

Front 32

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Back 32

In HCM, the heart muscle asymmetrically increases in size and mass, especially along the septum (see Fig. 29-8). HCM often affects nonadjacent areas of the ventricle. The increased thickness of the heart muscle reduces the size of the ventricular cavities and causes the ventricles to take a longer time to relax after systole.

Front 33

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Back 33

RCM is characterized by diastolic dysfunction caused by rigid ventricular walls that impair diastolic filling and ventricular stretch (see Fig. 29-8). Systolic function is usually normal

Front 34

ARVC

Back 34

occurs when the myocardium of the right ventricle is progressively infiltrated and replaced by fibrous scar and adipose tissue. Initially, only localized areas of the right ventricle are affected, but as the disease progresses, the entire heart is affected. Eventually, the right ventricle dilates and develops poor contractility, right ventricular wall abnormalities, and dysrhythmias

Front 35

Risk Factors for Infective Endocarditis
High Risk

Back 35

Prosthetic cardiac valves
History of bacterial endocarditis (even without heart disease)
Complex cyanotic congenital malformations
Surgically constructed systemic or pulmonary shunts or conduits
Aortic valve disease
Mitral regurgitation
Combined mitral regurgitation and stenosis
Patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect
Coarctation of the aorta