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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What can result in Infective Endocarditis? (7)
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Valvular dysfunction
Rheumatic fever Prosthetic valves ASH VSD, PDA, coarctation Pacemaker wire. |
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How does an IE vegetation present? (7)
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Mobile mass
Valve or supporting structure On flow side Abscess may be present Dehiscence of prosthetic valve New regurge |
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Complications of a IE vegetation? (8)
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Structural damage to valve, it can rupture or perforate.
Abscess Formation Aneurysm Fistula Dehiscence Hemodynamic compromise. Embolization. |
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What is the band in the right ventricle called?
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moderator band.
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What is the band in the left ventricle called?
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Muscle band.
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3 basic types of masses?
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Tumors
Thrombus Vegetation |
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Where can you find masses?
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within, attached, adjacent
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What is the role of echo in cardiac masses?
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Locate, Identify, characterize.
Evaluate anatomical and hemodynamic consequences. Avoid misinterpretation of artifacts or normal cardiac variants Assess from all available planes. |
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What is the best tools to assess tumors?
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CT and MRI. TEE is better than TTE.
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What are 6 complications of cardiac tumors?
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Arrhythmias
Valve obstruction Chamber reduction or obliteration Embolization Compression PE, tamponade |
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How do you assess a cardiac mass?
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Measure size.
Mobility Point of attachment Effect on overall function Effect on valves Color to see if vascularized. |
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What does is mean when a mass has blood supply?
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It is malignant.
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Another name for a tumor?
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neoplasm.
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What is the most common benign tumor?
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Myxoma
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Where is a myxoma commonly found?
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LA
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Myxoma shape?
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globular
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Who's more likely to get a myxoma?
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Women
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How is a myxoma attached?
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Pedunculated. Mobil
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Where is a myxoma attached?
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IAS region of fossa ovalis
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Myxoma patient presentation?
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fever
malaise embolic event arthralgias rash |
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What is a lambl's excrescence?
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papillary fibroelastoma
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How big is a papillary fibroeslastoma?
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less than 1 cm
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What is the most common valvular tumor?
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papillary fibroeslastoma
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Where is a papillary fibroeslastoma commonly found?
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mostly on MV, not flow side.
also found on aortic valve. |
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What papillary fibroelastoma is likely to cause symptoms?
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Only cause symptoms if they embolize. Left sided papillomas are more likely to embolize.
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Where do you find a fibroma?
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LV free wall, in the ventricular septum or at the apex.
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What is a fibroma composed of?
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Soft tissue
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How big is a fibroma?
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4-7cm
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What is the danger of a fibroma?
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ventricular dysrhythmia
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What often looks like a thrombus?
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An apical fibroma
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What is a lipoma composed of?
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fat cells.
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Which tumor is often encapsulated?
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lipoma.
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What does a lipoma attack?
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rarely valves, usually intramuscular, subendocardial.
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Where do you find a lipoma?
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LV, RA, IAS.
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Pericardial cyst. Malignant or benign?
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Benign, usually.
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Pericardial cyst discovery?
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x-ray, by chance.
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What is a pericardial cyst composed of?
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Clear fluid. Should be hypoechoic.
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What tumor is commonly found in children?
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Rhabdomyoma.
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What is a rhabdomyoma associated with?
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Tuberous sclerosis.
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Where do you find a rhabdomyoma?
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All chambers. Multiple tumors.
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How is a rhabdomyoma attached?
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Either pedunculated or involves the myocardium.
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Which tumor may spontaneously disappear?
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Rhabdomyoma.
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What may you find along with a rhabdomyoma?
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pleural effusion and ascites.
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What is made up of thickened adipose tissue of the interatrial septum?
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Lipomatous hypertrophy of the IAS
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What is spared in Lipomatous hypertrophy of IAS?
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fossa ovalis, gives it the dumbell appearance.
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How do you fix a lipomatous hypertrophy of IAS?
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you dont, no treatment.
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Where do you find primary malignant tumors?
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Usually on the right.
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Who gets primary malignant tumors?
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Usually adults.
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What damage would a primary malignant tumor cause?
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It infiltrates rapidly, causing myocardial dysfunction.
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How are primary malignant tumors attached?
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Sessile, lots of surface area attached.
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What tumors are associated with effusion and tamponade?
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Primary malignant tumors.
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Prognosis of primary malignant tumors?
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Poor.
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Where do sarcomas come from?
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Bone, cartilage, fat, muscle.
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What are two primary malignant tumors?
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Sarcoma
Angiosarcoma |
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Which is the most common primary malignant tumor?
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Angiosarcoma
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Where do you find an angiosarcoma?
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80% are in the right atrium
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Effusion, tamponade associated with?
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Angiosarcoma, primary malignant tumors.
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Which type of tumor is more common, primary or secondary?
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Secondary is 20 times more common.
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What is the most common site of secondary metastatic tumors?
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Pericardium
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What is the most common type of secondary metastatic tumor?
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Melanoma.
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What are 4 types of extracardiac masses?
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Mediastinal tumors, intrathoracic neoplasms, hematoma, hernia.
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How would an extracardiac mass appear?
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As displacement of the heart, compression of cardiac chambers, superior vena cava obstruction.
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What are predisposind factors of a thrombus?
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Damaged endothelial surface
Low velocity flow Increased viscosity and coagulability of blood. |
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When do you see a ventricular thrombus?
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Ventricular dysfunction
Wall motion abnormality. |
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How does a ventricular thrombus appear?
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Distinct mass, continuous with wall
Sessile, protruding into cavity Variable density Apex is most common location |
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Where do you most often find an atrial thrombus?
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Left Atrial Appendage
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With what pathologies is an atrial thrombus likely?
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MS
LAE A-fib Stasis, spontaneous contrast |
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When do you see an atrial thrombus?
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On catheters and pacer wires.
Thrombus may originate in venous system, popcorn appearance |
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How do you visualize a right atrial thrombus?
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TEE
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