Cardiac Function

Front 1

Pulmonary Circulation

Back 1

Right heart pumps deoxygenated blood through the lungs where it becomes oxygenated.

Front 2

Systemic Circulation

Back 2

Left heart pumps oxygenated blood through the body

Front 3

Follow a drop of deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the lungs

Back 3

venules of organs, veins of organs, vena cava, right atrium, right av valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs

Front 4

Follow a drop of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the capillaries

Back 4

pulmonary vein, left atrium, left av valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, arteries of each organ, arterioles of each organ

Front 5

Pericardium

Back 5

Sac that surrounds and protects the heart

Front 6

Mediastinum

Back 6

contains all of the thoracic viscera except the lungs

Front 7

Myocardium

Back 7

cardiac muscle cells

Front 8

Endocardium

Back 8

Innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart

Front 9

Name the two atrioventricular valves

Back 9

Tricuspid Valve
Mitral/Bicuspid Valve

Front 10

Name the two semilunar valves

Back 10

Pulmonic Valve
Aortic Valve

Front 11

Papillary muscles

Back 11

prevent the valve leaflets from bending backwards into the atria during ventricular contractions

Front 12

What is the period of ventricular contractions called?

Back 12

systole

Front 13

What is the period of ventricular relaxation called?

Back 13

diastole

Front 14

S1 is caused by

Back 14

Closure of the AV valves

Front 15

S2 is caused by

Back 15

Closure of the semilunar valves

Front 16

Isolvolumic Contraction

Back 16

volume remains constant during this phase

Front 17

ventricular ejection

Back 17

contraction results in a rapid rise in ventricular pressure forces the aortic valve to open with a rapid ejection of blood.

Front 18

stroke volume (SV)

Back 18

the amount of blood ejected with contraction of the ventricle

Front 19

end diastolic volume (EDV)

Back 19

the volume of blood in the ventricle prior to ejection

Front 20

end systolic volume (ESV)

Back 20

the amount of blood that remains in the ventricles after ejection

Front 21

ejection fraction=?

Back 21

SV/EDV

Front 22

isovolumic relaxation

Back 22

begins with SL valve closure in response to falling ventricular pressure and ends when AV valves opens to allow to ventricular filling, ventricular blood volume remains constant during this phase

Front 23

left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery

Back 23

supplies septum, anterior of the heart and apex

Front 24

left circumflex coronary artery

Back 24

supplies left atria and the lateral and posterior left ventricle. in 45% it supplies SA node

Front 25

right posterior descending coronary artery

Back 25

supplies the left inferior surface of the right and left ventricles

Front 26

marginal right coronary arteries

Back 26

supplies the right atrium and right ventricles. in 55% of people it supplies the SA node

Front 27

Ohm's law

Back 27

An increase in driving pressure increases flow, while an increase in resistance reduces flow

P= ABP-RAP

Front 28

Coronary driving pressure

Back 28

equals aortic blood pressure minus right atrial pressure

Front 29

working cardiac myocytes

Back 29

mechanical pumping function

Front 30

electric cardiac myocytes

Back 30

transmit electrical impulses

Front 31

__________ activity always precedes the __________event

Back 31

electrical, mechanical

Front 32

SA node

Back 32

the primary pace maker

Front 33

AV node

Back 33

delays impulse and conducts to bundle of His

Front 34

Bundle of His

Back 34

the brief delay at the AV node allows for the atrial kick

Front 35

purkinje fibers

Back 35

electrical fibers

Front 36

What are the 5 electrophysiologic properties of all myocardial cells?

Back 36

1. automaticity
2. excitability
3. conductivity
4. contractility
5. refractoriness

Front 37

propagation of cardiac action potentials

Back 37

membrane potential, depolarization, repolarization, refractory period

Front 38

Phase 0

Back 38

rapid depolarization
Na+ rapidly in
K+ out
Ca++ slowly in

Front 39

Phase 1

Back 39

early rapid depolarization
Na+ channels partially close
Cl- in
K+ out

Front 40

Phase 2

Back 40

plateau
Ca++ slowly in
K+ slowly out

Front 41

Phase 3

Back 41

final rapid repolarization
K+ quickly out
Na+ and Ca++ channels close

Front 42

Phase 4

Back 42

resting membrane potential
Na+/K+ pump= Na+ out, K+ in
Ca+ out

Front 43

Back 43

1- pericardium
2- myocardium
3- endocardium

Front 44

Back 44

1: Diastole
2: Systole

Front 45

Back 45

1: AV
2: SL

Front 46

Back 46

1: SA Node
2: AV Node
3: Bundle of His
4: purkinje fibers

Front 47

Back 47

P= atrial depolarization
PR interval= time for impulse to spread through the atria
QRS complex= ventricle (R&L) depolarization
T wave= ventricular repolarization
ST segment= early part of repolarization of the right ventricles

Front 48

Back 48

1. intercalated disk
2. sarcomere
3. sarcolemma
4. myofibril
5. mitochondria
6.

Front 49

Back 49

0. rapid depolarization
1. early rapid repolarization
2. plateau
3. final rapid repolarization
4. resting membrane potential

Front 50

cardiac intervention

Back 50

sympathetic nerves
parasympathetic nerves

Front 51

adrenergic receptor function

Back 51

beta-adrenergic repectors
norepinephrine or epinephrine

Front 52

contractile apparatuses are formed from________&___________ and collectively make up___________

Back 52

actin and myosin, sarcomeres

Front 53

sliding filament/cross-bridge theory of muscle contraction

Back 53

contraction of cardiac muscle by shortening or individual sarcomeres due to increased overlap of actin and myosin filaments

Front 54

role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Back 54

-contraction is dependent on adequate calcium ions in the cytoplasm
-muscle relaxation is due to removal of calcium from the cytoplasm

Front 55

SR calcium pumps (SERCAs) require

Back 55

ATP!

Front 56

preload

Back 56

left ventricular end-diastolic volume

Front 57

afterload

Back 57

load muscle must move after it starts to contract

Front 58

cardiac output

Back 58

volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute (Average= 5L/min)

Front 59

cardiac index

Back 59

cardiac output divided by BSA (Average= 2.5-4.0L/min/m2 BSA)

Front 60

stroke volume

Back 60

volume ejected by each ventricle per beat.

dependent on: contractility, preload, afterload)

Front 61

ejection fraction

Back 61

portion of blood ejected during systole (about 2/3 of the volume in the ventricle at the end of diastole)

Front 62

what three factors is contractility dependent on?

Back 62

1. amount of contractile proteins in the muscle cell
2. availability of ATP
3. availability free calcium ions in cytoplasm.

Front 63

Cardiovascular changes in the elderly

Back 63

valves- become stiff
conduction- decreased
LV- increased in size, noncompliant
aorta- thick, stiff, less distensible

Front 64

what three factors is contractility dependent on?

Back 64

1. amount of contractile proteins in the muscle cell
2. availability of ATP
3. availability free calcium ions in cytoplasm.

Front 65

Cardiovascular changes in the elderly

Back 65

valves- become stiff
conduction- decreased
LV- increased in size, noncompliant
aorta- thick, stiff, less distensible