Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle
|
The left ventricle works harder than the right bc it pushes the blood into the systemic circulation
|
|
|
What is cardiac output
|
the amount of blood pushed out by each ventricle in one minute
CO= SVxHR |
|
|
What is the extra heart sound that is caused by a rapid ventricular filling and sounds like ken tuck ee
|
s3 it is heard at the end of s1 and s2
|
|
|
Periods of turbulence that occur between normal heart sounds
|
murmurs
|
|
|
What distinguishes a pericardial friction rub from a pleural friction rub
|
if the patient holds their breath and the rub goes away it is pericardial friction rub
|
|
|
Cardiovascular structures
|
heart and neck vessels
arteries veins lymphatic tissue |
|
|
a fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart. 10-30 L fluid
|
pericardium
|
|
|
contraction of myocardium
95-140 mm hg |
systole
|
|
|
relaxation of myocardium
60-90 mm hg |
diastole
|
|
|
nervous tissue responsible for creating the electric impulse or action potential
|
conduction system
|
|
|
the action potential of the heart is initiated by the
|
sinoatrial node
SA node |
|
|
increases HR, speed of impulse conduction through the AV node and the force of atrial and ventricular contractions
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
decreases HR, slowing the SA node rate and conduction through the AV node.
|
parasympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
sensitive to stretch or pressure in the arterial system
|
baroreceptors
|
|
|
in the medulla, carotid arteries and aorta
detects and responds to level of carbon dioxide in the blood |
chemoreceptors
|
|
|
measure of the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the arterial system
|
Arterial Blood Pressure
|
|
|
The tricuspid and mitral valves
separate the atria from the ventricles |
atrioventricular valves
|
|
|
the pulmonic and aortic
separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery and the left ventricle and the aorta |
semilunar valves
|
|
|
works to keep blood flowing in the right direction
Prevents back flow and regurgitation |
cardiac valves
|
|
|
S1-Lubb- first heart sound
|
closure of the tricuspid and mitral valve
|
|
|
S2-Dupp-second heart sound
|
closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves
|
|
|
valve dysfuntion is common in what patients?
|
patients with severe diabetes
|
|
|
True or False
no sound is heard between S1 and S2 |
true
|
|
|
a ventricular gallop
|
s3
|
|
|
an atrial gallop
|
s4
|
|
|
heard after s1 and s2
|
s3
ken tuck ee |
|
|
heard before s1 and s2
|
s4
tenn ess ee |
|
|
caused by turbulence that occurs between normal heart sounds.
Gentle blowing/swooshing sound |
murmurs
|
|
|
_______ can occur when the velocity of blood increases during exercise
|
murmurs
|
|
|
_____ can occur when the velocity of blood decreases such as with patients who have anemia
|
murmurs
|
|
|
_____ can occur when there is a defect in the valve
|
murmur
|
|
|
a high-pitched, scratching sound heard during s1 and/or s2
|
pericardial friction rub
|
|
|
objective data for cardiac assessment
|
blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate and temperature
orthostatic blood pressure |
|
|
in orthostatic blood pressure there can be a reduction of __ mm hg systolic when going from lying to standing
|
15
|
|
|
in orthostatic blood pressure there can be a reduction of __ mm hg diastolic when going from lying to standing
|
3
|
|
|
little or no hair can indicate
|
decrease is Oxygen
|
|
|
clubbing is caused by
|
chronic hypoxia
|
|
|
Jugular Vein Distention is a sign of
|
heart failure
|
|
|
What indicates how well the heart is pumping?
|
ejection fraction
|
|
|
What is bruit
|
a buzzing or humming caused by an abnormal flow
example: an artery that has a narrow or bulging wall |
|
|
2nd ICS to the right of the sternum
|
aortic area
|
|
|
2nd ICS to the left of the sternum
|
pulmonic area
|
|
|
3rd Left ICS near sternum
|
Erb's point
|
|
|
5th Left ICS near to sternum
|
tricuspid area
|
|
|
Left midclavicular line 5th ICS
|
mitral area
|
|
|
noninvasive studies
|
chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, holter monitoring, echocardiogram, MRI, CT
|
|
|
Invasive studies
|
cardiac catheterization
|
|
|
Cardiac catheterization
|
can detect narrowing or blocked arteries
can measure blood pressure within heart and oxygen in blood, heart muscle function |
|
|
CK-MB
|
(creatinine kinase) uses monoclonal antibodies to measure this cardiospecific enzyme
|
|
|
Creatinine Kinase
|
elevated with heart damage
|
|
|
With CK-MB test
|
there is be 3 samples taken within 8 hrs in a 24 hr period
|
|
|
contractile proteins that are released following a myocardial infarction
Highly specific to cardiac tissue |
troponin
|
|
|
which is more sensitive and specific test for myocardial infarction?
CK-MB or Troponin |
Troponin
|
|
|
this is a marker of choice for distinguishing a cardiac vs. respiratory cause of dyspnea
|
BNP
normal BNP means the cause is respiratory. elevated BNP leads to cardiac cause |
|
|
As we get older our heart
|
gains collagen and loses elastin
|
|
|
As we get older our valves are thicker due to
|
lipid accumulation
|
|
|
As we get older the number of __________ decreases
|
pacemaker cells in the SA node
|
|
|
True/False
Hypertension is considered a normal change with age |
False- our chances of hypertension increase with age, but it is not normal
|
|
|
As we get older our pulse pressure
|
widens
|
|
|
Normal findings with INSPECTION
|
normal skin color, capillary refill < 3 sec; thorax symmetric, PMI not visible, no JVD at 45 degree angle
|
|
|
Normal findings with PALPATION
|
PMI palpable in 5th ICS at left MCL, no thrills; carotid and extremity pulses equal bilaterally, no pedal edema
|
|
|
normal findings with AUSCULTATION
|
S1 and S2 heard; apical-radial rate equal and regular, no murmurs or extra heart sounds
|
|
|
A normal pulse will feel like a tap whereas a narrowed or bulging vessel will vibrate
|
thrill
|
