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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sinus bradycardia is a heart rhythm that originates ... and has a rate of ....
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from the sinus node, under 60bp
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This rhythm may be caused by one of the following: (4)
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* Increased vagal tone.
* Intrinsic disease of the SA node. * An effect of drugs, such as the use of digitalis, beta-blockers, or quinidine. * It could also be a normal finding in a healthy, well-conditioned person. |
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possible symptoms
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lightheadedness, dizziness, hypotension, vertigo, and syncope.
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The slow heart rate may also lead to ...
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to atrial, junctional, or ventricular ectopic rhythms.
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def. sinus tachy
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a rate greater than 100 beats/min in an average adult
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causes of sinus tachy
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* Fever
* Anxiety * Dehydration * Malignant hyperthermia * Hypovolemia with hypotension and shock * Anemia * Heart failure * Hyperthyroidism * Pheochromocytoma * Sepsis * Pulmonary embolism * Acute coronary ischemia and myocardial infarction * Chronic pulmonary disease * Hypoxia * Intake of nicotine, caffeine, or illicit drugs |
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what is the differance betweene a sinus rhythm and atrial fibrilation
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In AF, the regular electrical impulses of the sinoatrial node are replaced by disorganized, rapid electrical impulses which result in irregular heart beats.
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When a patient spontaneously alternates between AF and a normal rhythm, the condition is known as ....
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paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
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basic symptoms of atrial fibrilation: 3
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symptoms of palpitations, fainting, chest pain, or even heart failure.
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People with AF are often given ... such as ... to protect them from strokes.
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anticoagulants, warfarin
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Atrial fibrillation is said to be .... when it terminates spontaneously within 7 days, most commonly within ....
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paroxysmal , 24 hours
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Atrial fibrillation is usually accompanied by symptoms related to ... 2
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either the rapid heart rate or embolization
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atrial fibrilation can be acompanied by
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angina and congestive symptoms of shortness of breath or edema.
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Characteristic findings are (a "rhythm strip" of lead II is shown): 3
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* absence of P waves
* unorganized electrical activity in their place * irregularity of R-R interval due to irregular conduction of impulses to the ventricles |
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causes of atrial fibrilation
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* Carbon monoxide poisoning
* High blood pressure * Mitral stenosis (e.g. due to rheumatic heart disease or mitral valve prolapse) * Mitral regurgitation * Heart surgery * Coronary artery disease * Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy * Excessive alcohol consumption ("binge drinking" or "holiday heart syndrome") * Hyperthyroidism * Hyperstimulation of the vagus nerve, usually by having large meals ("binge eating") * Lung pathology (such as pneumonia, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, Sarcoidosis) * Pericarditis * Intense emotional turmoil * Congenital heart disease |
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2 main goals of preventing atrial fibrilation
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to prevent stroke and circulatory instability
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Rate control methods include:
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* Beta blockers
* Cardiac glycosides * Calcium channel blockers |
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Beta blockers eg.
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metoprolol)
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* Cardiac glycosides (i.e.
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digoxin)
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* Calcium channel blockers (i.e. 2
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diltiazem or verapamil
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amiodarone is used in the treatment of
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ventricular fibulation, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibulation
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Amiodarone inhibits the action of the cytochrome P450 isozyme family. This reduces the clearance of many drugs, including the following: - 9
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* Ciclosporin
* Digoxin * Flecainide * Procainamide * Quinidine * Sildenafil * Simvastatin * Theophylline * Warfarin |
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main methods of treatment
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rate control, rhythm controle and anticoagulation
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trial fibrillation can usually be controlled with treatment. t/f?
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t!
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does it become chrinic
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usualy ):
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Possible underlying causes of asystole include the Hs (7) and Ts. (6)
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* Hypovolemia
* Hypoxia * Hydrogen ions (Acidosis) * Hypothermia * Hyperkalemia or Hypokalemia * Hypoglycemia * Tablets or Toxins (Drug overdose) * Cardiac Tamponade * Tension pneumothorax * Thrombosis (Myocardial infarction) * Thrombosis (Pulmonary embolism) * Trauma (Hypovolemia from blood loss) |
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Ventricular fibrillation is a ...?
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medical emergancy
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If the arrhythmia continues for more than a few seconds then what?
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death
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