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303 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the heart surrounded by?
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peracardial sac
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What are the two layers of the peracardial sac?
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visceral-inner
parietal-outer |
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What are the 3 wall layers of the heart?
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epicardium-outer, thin
myocardium-middle, muscle, thick endocardium-inner most, valves |
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What are the two AV vavles and which side of the heart are they on?
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tricuspid R
bicuspid L |
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What are the two semilunar valves and which side of the heart are they on?
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pulmonic R
aortic L |
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Where does the left main coronary artery supply blood to?
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lateral and posterior left ventricle
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Where does the right main coronary artery supply blood to?
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right ventricle and atrium
inferior left ventricle |
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When do coronary arteries receive blood?
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during diastole
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Where is blood sent from the coronary arteries during systole?
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systemic
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What is diastole?
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2/3 of cardiac cycle
pressure in atria increases to open tricuspid and bicuspid valves |
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What is systole?
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1/3 of cardiac cycle
ventricle pressure opens aortic and pulmonic valves |
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How does blood flow through the heart?
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comes into the right atrium from the inferior and superior vena cava.. goes through the tricuspid vavle into the right ventricle.. through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery to the pulmonary vein.. to the left atrium.. through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.. through the aortic valve into the aorta..
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What is the SA node?
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intrinsic pacemaker
in the right atrium once generated normal impulses must move forward |
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What does the PQRST complex represent?
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P- atrial contraction
QRS- venticular contraction T-ventricular repolarization |
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What happens when there is a sympathetic stimulation?
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increased HR, speed of conduction thru AV node, force of contraction, BS, anxiety, pupil dilation, constiction
decreased GI, bladder contraction, bronchodilation, secretions |
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What happens when the parasympathetic stimulation?
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decreased HR, speed of AV conduction, force of contraction
increased GI, bladder contraction, pupil constriction, secretions |
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What blood vessels do alpha receptors target?
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peripheral and coronary
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What does beta 1 receptors target?
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heart
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What does beta 2 receptors target?
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lungs, peripheral and coronary vessels
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What is cardiac output?
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total amt. of blood ejected from L ventricle per min.
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What is the cardiac index?
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takes into count body surface area
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What is the SV?
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amt. of blood ejected w/ each HB
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What is SV affected by?
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preload, afterload and contractility
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What is preload?
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amount of cardiac muscle fiber stretch that exists at the end of diastole just before contraction of the ventricles
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What is Starling's law?
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increase vol. = increase preload
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What is contractility?
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ability of the cardiac muscle fibers to shorten in response to a stimulus
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If contractility is decreased what happens to CO?
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decreases
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What is afterload?
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force the ventricles must overcome to eject their blood vol. during systole
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If you are dehydrated your HR will do what?
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increase
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Alterations in CO affect which two systems first?
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neuro and kidneys
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What is the ejection fraction?
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percent of left ventricular end-diastole volume ejected during sytole. 60-70%
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If a EF is < 40% what kind of HF is that?
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systolic HF
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What are arteries?
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carry blood away from heart
3 layers high pressure 02 rich blood |
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What are arterioles?
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small arteries at the capillaries
high pressure main cause of HTN |
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What are capillaries?
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join arterioles and venules
gas exchange, waste is picked up |
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What are venules?
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small veins
join capillaries to veins carries waste into veins |
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What are veins?
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carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
low pressure |
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What would you ask a pt about a hx of present illness?
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how long? what perciptates it? what relieves it?
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What would be some important past medical hx?
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diabetes, HTN, renal d/s, surgeries, meds (OTC)
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What does PQRST stand for?
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point to where it hurts
quality of the pain radiation and what releives it severity and associated symptoms timing, onset, duration and frequency |
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What is dyspnea?
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abnormal, uncomfortable awareness of breathing, SOB
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What is dyspnea on exertion?
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improves with rest
most common early sign of HF |
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What is orthopnea?
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difficult breathing while lying down
later sign of HF |
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What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspena?
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wake up in the night with uncomfortable breathing
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What is fatigue mostly r/t?
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decreased CO
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What are palpitations? Some causes?
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unpleasant awareness of one's own HB
smoking, caffeine, anxiety, hyperthyroidism |
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What is syncope?
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loss of consciousness
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What is edema?
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accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissue
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What could a non-productive cough be r/t?
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ACE inhibitors
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What is arterial pain usually a result of?
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lack of 02 to tissues
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What is venous pain usually a result of?
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pooling of blood causing pressure on nerves
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What is parathesia?
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numbness, tingling
usually arterial d/s |
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Where are most arterial lesions?
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top of foot
b/t toes |
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Where are most venous lesions?
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on ankles
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What is pallor? What could it be r/t?
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pale
ischemia, anemia |
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What is rubor and what could it be r/t?
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red
arterial and venus d/o |
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What is cyanosis and what could it be r/t?
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blue
decreased 02 |
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What is mottled?
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lacey, splotchy, purple
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What is JVD?
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jugular veunous distention
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What is fingernail clubbing usually r/t?
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COPD, HF
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What is bruits?
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blowing, swishing heart over an artery caused by turbulent flow over artery
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What are thrills?
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bruits that is felt
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What are S1 sounds?
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normal
mitral and tricupsid vavles closing systole |
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What are S2 sounds?
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normal
pulmonic and aortic vavles closing begining of diastole |
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What are S3 sounds?
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abnormal
ventricular volume overload |
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What are S4 sounds?
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abnormal
resistance of ventricles |
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What are pericardial friction rubs?
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rough sand paper sounding
pericarditis, inspiration, diaphragm |
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What are murmurs?
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blood flowing abnormally through valves- turbulent flow
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What are crackles a sign of?
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fluid in alveoli
HF |
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What are wheezes?
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air moving through narrowed bronchials usually caused by asthma
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What is abdominal distention a sign of?
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ascites
right-sided HF liver failure |
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What is edema a sign of?
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HTN, HF
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What is lower extremity hair distrutibution a sign of?
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vascular ds
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What are CBC tests used for?
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check 02, infection, clotting
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Which electrolytes are associated with arrthymias?
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Mg, K
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What are BUN and creatinine used to determine?
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decreased CO
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What are enzymes and isoenzymes?
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relased when something is damaged in skeletal or cardiac muscle
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What is CK & MB?
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if CK is high they will check MB
MB is specific to heart |
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What is troponin I?
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very specific and sensitive to cardiac injury
lasts longer than CK & MB |
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What is myoglobin used for?
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if increased check troponin
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What are C-reactive proteins?
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marker for inflammation
increased risk for heart d/s |
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What is PT used for?
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coumadin
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What is PTT used for?
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heparin
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What are arterial blood gases used for?
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acid-base balance
02 status |
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What is BNP?
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hormone released by ventricles due to stretch & volume overload
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What is homocystine?
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could be linked to heart d/s
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What are chest X rays used for?
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size and shape of the heart
pulmonary congestion |
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What is a EKG?
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mechanical activity of the heart
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What is a holter monitor?
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24 hr EKG to detect dizziness and syncope
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What are treadmills used for?
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stress test
push until max HR looking for EKG changes determine ischemic heart d/s usually NPO |
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What is a echo?
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ultra sound of heart
looking for structural abnormalities heart valves, chamber size, contractility, ejection fraction |
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What is a transesophageal echo?
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scope down the esophagus to see left side of heart that cant be done w/ regular echo
looking for blood clots, vegetative valves NPO before procedure, check for gag reflex after procedure |
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What is a ultrafast CT?
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good test that are noninvasive to determine cardiovascular or peripheral d/s
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What is thallium?
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drug given to stimulate the heart
normal tissue takes up isotope and is visible, ischemic doesn't used if pt can't do a stress test |
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What is a technetium scan?
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isotope is taken up by damaged tissue
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What is a multigated acquistion scan?
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isotope tags RBCs so we can see through the heart to see contractions and ejection fraction
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What is a cardiac cath?
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isertion of cath usually in femoral artery
obtain direct pressure in chambers, measure CO directly, look @ valves, direct ejection fraction |
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What should u do before a cardiac cath?
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check pedal pulses, BUN, creatinine
check allergies to dye or shellfish |
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What are coronary arteriograms?
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look where arteries are diseased and how bad
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What should u do before a coronary arteriogram?
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pedal pulses, BUN, creatinine
allergies to dye or shellfish |
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What should u do after a coronary arteriogram?
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vitals, pulses, extremety sites, encourage fluids, bleeding, back and groin pain
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What is a electrophysiology study?
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insertion of cath in femoral vein
try to induce arrhythmias |
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What is a cardiac dysrhythmia?
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disturbance or irregularity in the electrical system of the heart
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What are the different types of dysrhythmias?
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beign, lethal
atrial, ventricular initiation, conduction or both |
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What is an ectopic rhythm/ectopic beat?
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beat caused by impulse that origanates outside of the normal conduction stystem
may or may not make a contraction |
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What is automaticity?
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ability of the SA node and atria to initiate a conduction
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What is excitability?
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the ability of the hear to act on conduction
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What is conductivity?
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travel of an impulse from cell to cell
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What is the refractory period?
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when the ventricles need time to repolarize
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How can you diagnose a dysrhythmia?
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EKG, labs, drug levels, EPS
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What can cause dysrhythmias?
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meds, ischemia, fever, hypoxia, exercise, anxiety, caffeine, hyper and hypothyroidism
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What is sinus tachycardia?
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all characteristics of normal sinus except HR > 100
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What can cause sinus tach?
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exercise, stress, anxiety, pain, drug use, hypoxia
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What is sinus bradycardia?
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all characteristics of normal sinus except HR < 60
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What can cause siuns bradycardia?
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sleep, meds
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What is atrial flutter?
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rapid atrial firing
saw tooth pattern transitional rhythm |
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What is atrial fib?
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cannot see P wave, irregular beat, lost atrial kick
cannot open valves can lose up to 20% of CO left over blood can form clots |
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What can cause atrial fib?
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pulmonary HTN, HTN, HF, valve problems, COPD
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What is ventricular tach?
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no coordination w/ atrium, lose CO
assess! |
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What is ventricular fib?
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total lose of CO, ventricles quivering
no pulse |
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What is asystole?
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no activity
can recover |
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What are the dangers of dysrhythmias?
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decreases CO
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What are some of the s/s of arrhythmias?
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palpitations, chest pain, syncope, dizzy, diaphoresis, SOB
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What could be some underlying causes of arrhythmias?
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f&e balance Mg, K
hypoxia pain and anxiety |
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What are some drug classes that would be used to suppress or decrease arrhythmias?
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Na channel blockers
beta blockers Ca channel blockers K channel blockers Digoxin Coumadin to prevent clots |
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What is a pacemaker?
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pulse generator used to provide an electrical stimulus to the heart when the heart fails to do it itself
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Why are pacemakers needed?
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maintain CO r/t heart blocks, post MI, bradycardia
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What are the components of a pacemaker?
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pulse generator and leads
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What is the function of a pacemaker?
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provides electrical stimulus to leads to contraction of heart and ultimately corrects CO
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Why would a percutaneous pacemaker be used?
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it's quick
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What is a transvenous pacemaker?
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thread cath through veins w/ leads hooked to external pacemaker
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What is an epicardial pacemaker?
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goes into epicardium and hooked up to external pacemaker
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What is an biventricular pacemaker used for?
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CHF, used to get the most CO as possilbe
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What should be done before a permanent pacemaker is placed?
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NPO statues, surgical check list, education, labs
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What is a fixed rate pacemaker?
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fixed @ certain pace, will not change
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What is a demand rate pacemaker?
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only if there is a change will it change pace
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What should be done for post op nursing care?
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check site, no redness, drainage, check temp, movement of arm, know how to take pulse
HR should not be below set pace |
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What is a cardioversion?
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elective or imergent
put on heparin to prevent clots shocked w/ 50-60 jewels to stop heart and then hopefully it returns to normal |
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What is defibrillation?
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imergently shock a pulseless rhythm
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What is an AICD?
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used for pts with a high risk for sudden death
defibs and paces patches are put on myocardium which sends info to pulse generator and shock occurs ejection fraction < 35% can't be fixed w/ meds |
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What does carotid sinus pressure do?
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stimulates parasympathetic system
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What does the valsalva maneuver do?
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forced exhilation w/ closed epiglottis
stimulates vagus nerve |
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What is a MAZE procedure?
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tiny slices are made in atrium which eventually scares over and interrupts pathway
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What is ablation?
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try to find where irritable focus in heart is and ablates that part
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What is CAD?
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d/s in the coronary arteries
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What is the etiology of CAD?
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atherosclerosis
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What is atherosclerosis?
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fatty hardening of the intima layer of the arteries
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How does CAD occur?
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fatty straight formation occurs on the intima layer of the arteries and then starts to accumulate and protrude into lumen of artery
lipids start adhering to plaque and becomes bigger and then RBCs start attaching and can form a thrombus |
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Where do occulusions usually occur?
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where the artery curves
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What is a coronary spasms?
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arteries clamp down and cut off 02
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What are the cardiac risk factors?
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age
gender heredity race smoking HTN hyperlipidemia diabets obesity sedentary lifestyle stress increased homocysteine levels increased CRP levels metabolic syndrome |
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What is angina?
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pain, unpleasant sensation when heart cannot supply enough blood for demand
limited in duration, no permanent damage |
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What are the causes of angina?
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atherosclerosis, spasms, anything that causes increased 02 demand
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What are the types of pain associated w/ angina?
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pressure, squeezing, tightness, crushing, heavyness, indigestion
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Where is the location of pain usually at with angina?
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upper chest, sternum, neck, jaw, L arm, epigastric, L shoulder, intrascapula
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What is the duration of pain for angina?
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short, 5-15 min after rest
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How can you relieve angina pain?
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stop activity, rest, nitro
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What are some symptoms of angina?
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SOB, weakness, diaphoretic, nausea
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How can you diagnosis angina?
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hx, assessment, EKG changes, stress test, nuclear scans, cardiac cath, coronary arteriograms
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What is stable angina?
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predictable, responds quickly to rest and nitro
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What is unstable angina?
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pain at rest or minimal exertion, increased frequency, intensity, duration
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What is variant angina?
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occulusions d/t coronary spasms
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What would be some drugs used to treat angina?
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nitrates, beta blockers, statins, ca channel blockers
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What is an MI?
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irreversible death and necrosis of cardiac muscle due to an interruption in blood flow
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What are the underlying causes of an MI?
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CAD, atherosclerosis
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What is the immediate cause of an MI?
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vessel occulsion
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What is the location of an MI?
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anterior, inferior, lateral, posterior, subendocardium, trasmural
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What is subendo MI?
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does not go through entire thickness of heart muscle
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What is a transmural MI?
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goes all the way through muscle
non Q wave MI |
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How do MI's occur?
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heart becomes electrically and mechanically injured, becomes irritable
inflammatory process begins- increased WBC, fever, HR muscle becomes thin and mushy after necrosis and then scar formation begins |
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What are the symptoms of an MI?
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same as angina except does not stop w/ rest
pale, SOB, diaphoretic |
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What two groups have more vague symptoms of an MI?
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women, diabetics
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How can you diagnosis an MI w/ an EKG?
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EKG changes- T wave inversion shows ischemia
ST elevation shows injury or necrosis abnormal Q shows death |
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What are some enzymes to help diagnosis an MI?
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CK, MB, troponin
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Why is aspirin given to a pt have an MI?
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decreases platelet aggregation
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Why are thrombolytics given to a pt after an MI?
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dissolves clots
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Why is plavix given for a pt after an MI?
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inhibits protein to decrease platelet aggregation
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Why would nitro be given to a pt after an MI?
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decreased preload and afterload and increases coronary perfusion
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Why would morphine be given to a pt after an MI?
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decrease pain and anxiety
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Why would 02 be given to a pt after an MI?
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increase 02 supply
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Why would heparin be given to a pt after an MI?
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prevents clots at occulusions
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What are some typical psychological reactions to a MI?
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denial
anxiety anger depression reorganization |
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What is the goal of cardiac rehab?
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apply education and exercise
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What risk factors should be controlled after a MI?
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no smoking
BP control diabetes control lipid management heart healthy diet weight management stress reduction exercise |
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Why is aspirin given for CAD?
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antiplatelet
decreases CRP levels |
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Why is plavix given for CAD?
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platelet aggregation inhibitor
previous MI, stent, angioplasty |
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Why are beta blockers given for CAD?
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block beta receptors
decreased HR, BP, contractility= decreased workload of the heart check HR and BP watch for symptoms of HF |
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Why would a Ca channel blocker be given for CAD?
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relax and dilate blood vessels
decrease BP= decreased afterload slows SA node= decreases HR |
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Why would nitrates be given for CAD?
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decrease preload and afterload, increase coronary perfusion
dilates veins and arteries used for angina, maybe for HTN |
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Why would ACE inhibitors be given for CAD?
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decrease BP by inhibiting angiotensin I to angiotensin II
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What is a PTCA?
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insert cath w/ balloon and blow up balloon where blockage is, deflate balloon and pull out
1st intervention of choice check kidney functions, pulses, NPO |
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What is a PTCA w/ intracoronary stent?
|
same as PTCA except when balloon is blow up stent opens up and stays when balloon is deflated
check kidney functions, pulses, NPO |
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What is a CABG?
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used for nonsuccessful stent or angioplasty or L main lesion
body cooled to 85 degrees bypass machine heart is stopped, leg veins or internal mammory and take and bypass blockage |
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What is HTN?
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a sustained elevation of diastolic or systolic BP above normal range
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What is primary HTN?
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90%, no known cause
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What is secondary HTN?
|
know the cause
meds, renal d/s |
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What is malignant HTN?
|
severe HTN
have symptoms: H/A, tired a lot |
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What is a hypertensive crisis?
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BP has to be stabilized or they'll die
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What is BP?
|
amt. of pressure that blood exerts on arteries during systole and diastole
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What is systolic BP?
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increased pressure during contraction
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What is diastolic BP?
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decreased pressure during relaxation
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What is pulse pressure?
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difference b/t systolic and diastolic
avg. 40 |
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What are the two main factors affecting BP?
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flow and resistance
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What is resistance to flow?
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the force opposing the movement of blood created primarily in the small arteries and arterioles
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What are the long term effects of HTN?
|
hypertrophy of heart, HF
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How can HTN affect the heart?
|
angina, MI, HF
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How can HTN affect the brain?
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stroke
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How can HTN affect the kidneys?
|
renal failure
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How can HTN affect the eyes?
|
blindness
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How can HTN affect the lower extremities?
|
PV d/s
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What are the s/s of HTN?
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H/A, feeling tired, facial flushing, nose bleeds
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How can HTN be diagnosed?
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s/s, hx, risk factors, physical exam, BP readings, eye exam, BUN, creatinine, thyroid levels
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What is the goal of HTN management?
|
keep BP in target range
minimize or avoid target damage |
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What lifestyle modifications can help manage HTN?
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Na restriction, low cholesterol, weight loss, exercise, smoking, stress
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How can diuretics help HTN?
|
decreases vol. of extracellular fluid
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How can beta blockers help HTN?
|
decrease HR, conduction, contractility
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How can ACE inhibitors help HTN?
|
block renin and aldosterone to decrease volume
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How can ARBs help HTN?
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decreases volume
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How can Ca channel blockers help HTN?
|
relaxes myocardium
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What is a emoblic CVA?
|
blood clot, plaque
a fib, bacterial endocarditis, carotid artery d/s |
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What is hemorrhagic CVA?
|
vessel ruptures or leaks causing a bleed d/t prolonged HTN
most are fatal |
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What is CHF?
|
heart is unable to pump enough 02 rich blood to meet metabolic demands of the body, decreased CO
back up occurs |
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What are the causes of CHF?
|
inflow problem- not enough or too much
outflow problem- HTN, force is too hard metabolic- demand of body is too high heart muscle is damage d/t MI |
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What is systolic dysfunction?
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d/t MI or ischemia
heart is unable to force during systole EF < 40% |
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What is diastole dysfunction?
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heart is too stiff and cannot fill properly
EF can be normal |
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What is ventricular dilation?
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muscle fibers start to stretch more
can help in early HF after a long period of time it wears out |
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What is ventricular hypertrophy?
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walls start to become thicker- remodeling
starts to require more 02 and out grows its blood supply and becomes hypoxic |
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Why is tachycardia the least effective mechanism for HF?
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doesn't let the heart fill with enough blood before contraction
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What happens when there is a decrease in CO?
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decrease tissue perfusion
decrease glomerular filtration rate increased release of renin angiotensin II vasoconstriction which increased BP, increased preload, afterload, which worsens HF |
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What are most symptoms from L sided HF from?
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pulmonary
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What does L sided HF result from?
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mitral and aortic valves
HTN |
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What are the symptoms of L sided HF?
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fatigue and weakness d/t decreased CO
dyspnea d/t pulmonary congestion cough d/t pulmonary congestion behavioral changes- d/t decreased blood flow to brain renal function- decreased blood flow to kidneys skin changes- blood shunted away from skin diminished pulses- not enough blood flow angina- increased 02 demand crackles- fluid in the alveoli arrhythmias- heart is irritable pleural effusions- pleural space is filled with fluid from fluid backup S3 gallop |
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Why would a CXR be given for HF?
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look at how big the heart is
pulmonary congestion |
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Why would a echo be given for HF?
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see how well valves are working
see any chamber enlargement get EF |
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Why would a MUGA scan be given for HF?
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EF
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Why would ABGs be taken for HF?
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pH
determine any hypoxia |
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Why would HGB/HCT be taken for HF?
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determine any hypoxia
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Why thyroid function tests be taken for HF?
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see if hyperthyroidism could be the cause
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Why would BNP be taken for HF?
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released when ventricles are stretched d/t volume overload
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What is pulmonary edema?
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fluid backs up into the lungs
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What is cachexia?
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extreme body wasting
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What does R sided HF result from?
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bicuspid and pulmonic valves, COPD
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What are the symptoms of R sided HF?
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peripheral edema d/t increased hydrostatic pressure
hepatomegaly- liver engorgement ascites- fluid in abdomen anasarca- really bad edema weight gain abdominal pain d/t ascites, hepatomegaly anorexia, N/V cachexia- extreme body wasting JVD |
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What is the coal of CHF management?
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increased CO by decreasing preload and afterload
decreasing congestion decreasing 02 demands of myocardium |
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What would you want a pt with acute CHF and pulmonary edema to do?
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rest
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What would you want a pt with chronic CHF to do?
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stay as active as possible
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Why would diuretics be used for HF?
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decrease preload
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Why would ACE inhibitors be used for HF?
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decrease preload and afterload
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Why would ARBs be used for HF?
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decrease preload and afterload
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Why would vasodilators be used for HF?
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dilates veins and arteries to some extent
decreased preload and afterload |
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Why would inotropic agents be used for HF?
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enhances the force of contraction of myocardium
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Why would natrecor be used for HF?
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synthetic form of BNP which enhances Na excretion
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Why would beta blockers be used for HF?
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decreases myocardial 02 demand by decreasing rate and afterload
watch force of contraction |
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Why would Ca channel blockers be used for HF?
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vasodilation
decrease afterload |
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Why would anticoagulants be used for HF?
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afib, low EF
at risk for clots |
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What is a paracentesis?
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removal of fluid from a part
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Why would a pt need a abdominal paracentesis?
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remove fluid from abdomen
ascites |
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What is a biventricular pacemaker?
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contractions are timed to get the most CO
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What is rheumatic heart d/s?
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heart damaged by rheumatic fever characterized by scarring and deformity of vavles
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What is rheumatic fever?
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inflammatory process that effects connective tissue in joints, skin and heart
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How does rheumatic fever effect the heart?
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may effect all layers of the heart
mostly valves vegatation on valve leaflets making blood flow difficult results in either stenosis or regurgitation |
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What is the etiology of rheumatic fever?
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caused by streptococcus
upper respiratory infections newly diagnosed murmur symptoms of HF |
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What is the prevention of rheumatic heart d/s?
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treatment of streptococcus
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What are the treatments of rheumatic heart d/s?
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antibiotics, NSAIDS, steroids
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What is myocarditis?
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inflammation of myocardium-muscle
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What are the symptoms of myocarditis?
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vary depending on where
fever, chills |
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What is the treatment for myocarditis?
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antibiotics, antifungals
if any s/s of HF treat that too |
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What is infective endocarditis?
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infection of endocardium
heart valves are infected bacterium invades body and grows in endocardium |
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What are the symptoms of infective endocarditis?
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symptoms of HF, flu-like
fever, chills, diaphoresis depends on kind of bacteria can have positive murmur reoccuring fever |
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How can you diagnose endocarditis?
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TEE, newly murmur, echo, blood cultures
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What is the treatment for endocarditis?
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IV antibiotics
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What is pericarditis?
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inflammation of pericardium
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What can cause pericarditis?
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bacteria, fungus, virus, trauma, connective tissue d/o
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What is dresserss' syndrome?
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after MI develop pericarditis
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What is the pathophysiology of pericarditis?
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fluid starts to get stringy adhnesions so it's not very smooth anymore
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What are they symptoms of pericarditis?
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chest pain that worsens w/ moving, coughing, deep breathing
sitting up or leaning forward makes chest pain better SOB, fever, chills |
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What is the treatment for pericarditis?
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NSAIDS, analgesics, antibiotics, antifungals, rest
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What is a pericardial effusion?
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more fluid starts to build up and compress the heart making it unable to fill
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What is the treatment for a pericardial effusion?
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pericardial parasenthesis or a pericardial window
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What is a pericardial tampanode?
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quick, & sudden
a lot of volume that comprimises CO severly heart can't fill or pump |
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What is the chronic condition that can cause valvular heart d/s?
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rhuematic fever
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What are the actue conditions that can cause valvular heart d/s?
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infective endocarditis and transmural MI
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What is a valvular stenosis?
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when the valves have a hard time opening
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What is valvular insufficiency?
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valves do not close completely and back flow of blood occurs
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What are the s/s of mitral valve stenosis?
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L sided HF
a fib, murmur |
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How can you diagnose a mitral valve stenosis?
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echo, heart cath
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How can you treat a mitral valve stenosis?
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treat HF, arrhythmias
valvularplasty, mitral valve replacement |
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What are the s/s of a mitral valve insufficiency?
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L sided HF
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How can you diagnose a mitral valve insufficiency?
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echo, heart cath
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How can you treat a mitral valve insufficiency
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treat HF and symptoms
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What are the causes of a aortic vavle stenosis?
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bacteria, virus, congenital
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What are the s/s of a aortic valve stenosis?
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L sided HF
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How can you diagnose a aortic valve stenosis?
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echo, heart cath
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How can you treat a aortic valve stenosis?
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treat HF symptoms, fix valve
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What is prolapsing mitral valve syndrome?
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mitral valve cusp bellow into left atrium during ventricular systole
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Who most commonly has prolapsing mitral valve syndrome?
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young women, marfans syndrome
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What are some s/s of prolapsing mitral valve syndrome?
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palpitations, chest pain usually asymptomatic
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What is the goal of valvular surgery?
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do the surgery after symptoms but before permanent damage
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What is a valvuloplasty?
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repairing vlave
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What is a mechanical valve?
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synthetic, man made
durable |
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What is a bioprosthetic valve?
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lesss durable
not risk for clots, elderly |
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What is a xenografts?
|
pig or cow valve
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What is a homograft?
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valve from a cadeaver
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