Cardiac

Front 1

Afterload

Back 1

The amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle

Front 2

Apical Impulse

Back 2

Impulse normally palpated at the 5th intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line; caused by contraction of the left ventricle.

Front 3

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Back 3

Refers to rupture of an atheromatous plaque in a diseased coronary artery, which rapidly forms an obstructive thrombus.

Front 4

AV Node

Back 4

Secondary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrial wall near the tricuspid valve

Front 5

Baroreceptors

Back 5

Nerve fibers located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that are responsible for reflex control of the blood pressure

Front 6

Cardiac Catheterization

Back 6

An invasive procedure used to measure cardiac chamber pressures and assess latency of the coronary arteries

Front 7

Cardiac Conduction System

Back 7

Generated and transmits electrical impulses that stimulate contraction of the myocardium.

Front 8

Cardiac Output

Back 8

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in liters per minute

Front 9

Cardiac Stress Test

Back 9

A test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a period of increased oxygen demand

Front 10

Contractility

Back 10

Ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to electrical impulse

Front 11

Depolorization

Back 11

Electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell

Front 12

Diastole

Back 12

Period of ventricular relaxation resulting in ventricular filling

Front 13

Ejection Fraction

Back 13

Percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat

Front 14

Hypertension

Back 14

BP that is persistently greater than 140/90

Front 15

Hypotension

Back 15

A decrease in BP to less than 100/60 that compromises systemic perfusion

Front 16

Murmers

Back 16

Sounds created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart

Front 17

Myocardial Ischemia

Back 17

Condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than needed

Front 18

Myocardium

Back 18

Muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart

Front 19

Opening snaps

Back 19

Abnormal diastolic sound generated during opening of a rigid AV valve leaflet

Front 20

Orthostatic Hypotension

Back 20

A significant drop in BP after an upright posture is assumed

Front 21

Preload

Back 21

Degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole.

Front 22

Pulmonary Vascular Resistence

Back 22

Resistance to right ventricular ejection of blood

Front 23

Repolarization

Back 23

Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell

Front 24

S1

Back 24

1st heart sound produced by closure of the atrioventricular valves

Front 25

S2

Back 25

2nd heart sounds produced by closure of the semilunar valves

Front 26

SA Node

Back 26

Primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium

Front 27

Stroke Volume

Back 27

Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle per heartbeat

Front 28

Systemic Vascular Resistance

Back 28

Resistance to left ventricle ejection

Front 29

Systole

Back 29

Period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta

Front 30

Telemetry

Back 30

The process of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring by the transmission of radio waves from a battery-operated transmitter worn by the patient

Front 31

Systolic click

Back 31

Abnormal systolic sounds created by the opening of a calcified aortic or pulmonic valve during ventricular contraction

Front 32

Common S&S of CVD

Back 32

Chest pain, SOB, Edema, Weight gain, Abdominal distention, palpitations, Vital fatigue, dizziness, syncope, changes in LOC

Front 33

Pallor

Back 33

Caused by lack of oxyhemoglobin, it is a result of anemia or decreased arterial perfusion

Front 34

Peripheral cyanosis

Back 34

Suggests decreased blood flow to a particular area (nails, skin of nose, lips, earlobes, extremities)

Front 35

Central cyanosis

Back 35

Suggests serious cardiac disorders in which venous bloods passed through the pulmonary circulation without being oxygenated (tongue, buccal mucosa)

Front 36

Ecchymosis

Back 36

Bruise-may indicate prolonged clotting time, reduced platelet function

Front 37

Cool/cold and moist skin

Back 37

Cardiogenic shock causes vasoconstriction and skin becomes cool and clammy

Front 38

Pulse pressure

Back 38

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (Usually 30-40 mmHg)

Front 39

Decreased pulse pressure

Back 39

Reflects reduced stroke volume and ejection velocity or obstruction to blood flow during systole

Front 40

JVP (Jugular Vein Pulsations)

Back 40

Indicates an abnormal increase in the volume of the venous system. (Right ventricular failure, pulmonary HTN, pulmonary stenosis)

Front 41

Erb's point

Back 41

3rd intercostal space to the left of the sternum

Front 42

Aortic area

Back 42

2nd intercostal space to the right of the sternum

Front 43

Pulmonic area

Back 43

2nd intercostal space to the left of the sternum

Front 44

S3

Back 44

Occurs early in diastole during the period of rapid ventricular filling

Front 45

S4

Back 45

Occurs late in diastole-generated during atrial contraction as blood forcefully enters a noncompliant ventricle

Front 46

LDL's

Back 46

<160 mg/dL

Primary transporters of cholesterol and triglycerides into the cell (LETHAL)

Front 47

HDL's

Back 47

35-70 mg/dL-Men

35-85 mg/dL-Women

Transport cholesterol away from the tissue and cells of the arterial wall to the liver for excretion

Front 48

Triglycerides

Back 48

100-200 mg/dL

Front 49

Brain Natriuretic Peptide

Back 49

Neurohormone that helps regulate BP and fluid volume

>100 pg/mL is suggestive of HF

Front 50

ECG

Back 50

Graphic representation of the electrical currents of the heart

12, 15, 18-Leads

Front 51

Potassium

Back 51

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Front 52

Sodium

Back 52

135-145 mEq/L

Front 53

Calcium

Back 53

8.6-10.2 mg/dL

Front 54

Magnesium

Back 54

1.3-2.3 mEq/L

Low Mg predispose patients to atrial and ventricular tachycardias

Front 55

BUN

Back 55

10-20 mg/dL

Reduced renal perfusion and decreased cardiac output

Front 56

Creatinine

Back 56

0.7-1.4 mg/dL

Renal impairment

Front 57

INR

Back 57

1.0 (2-3 therapeutic level)

Monitor effectiveness of Warfarin

Front 58

Prothrombin Time

Back 58

9.5-12 seconds

Monitors level of anticoagulation with Warfarin

Front 59

Hematocrit

Back 59

35-47%-Women

42-52%- Men

Percentage of RBC in 100 mL of whole blood

Front 60

Hgb

Back 60

12-16 g/dL- Women

13-18 g/dL- Men

Transports oxygen to the cells

Front 61

Stress test helps determine....(6 things)

Back 61

1.CAD

2.cause of chest pain

3.functional capacity after MI or heart surgery

4. effectiveness of antianginal/antiarrhythmic medications

5.dysrhythmias that occur during physical activity

6.specific goals for a physical fitness program

Front 62

MAP

Back 62

=[(2 x diastolic)] + systolic] / 3

Front 63

Ablation

Back 63

Purposeful destruction of heart muscle cells, usually in an attempt to control a dysrhythmia

Front 64

Antiarrhythmic medication

Back 64

Medication the suppresses or prevents a dysrhythmia.

Front 65

Automaticity

Back 65

Ability of the cardiac cells to initiate an electrical impulse

Front 66

Cardioversion

Back 66

Electrical current administered in synchrony with the patients own QRS complex to stop a dysrhythmia

Front 67

Conduction

Back 67

Transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another

Front 68

Defibrillation

Back 68

Electrical curren administered to stop a dysrhythmia, not synchronized with the patients QRS

Front 69

Depolarization

Back 69

Process by which cardiac muscle cells change from a more negatively charged to a more positively charged intracellular state

Front 70

Dromotropy

Back 70

Conduction velocity

Front 71

Inhibited

Back 71

In reference to pacemakers, term used to describe the pacemaker withholding and impulse

Front 72

Inotropy

Back 72

Force of myocardial contraction

Front 73

P wave

Back 73

The part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the atrium; atrial depolarization

Front 74

Paroxysmal Dysrhythmia

Back 74

Sudden onset and/or termination and is usually of short duration

Front 75

PR Interval

Back 75

Reflects conduction of an electrical impulse from the sinoatrial node through the atrioventricular node

Front 76

QRS complex

Back 76

Reflects the conduction of an electrical impulse through the ventricles; ventricular depolarization

Front 77

QT Interval

Back 77

Reflects the time from ventricular depolarization through repolarization

Front 78

Repolarization

Back 78

Process by which cardiac muscle cells return to a more negatively charged intracellular condition, their resting state

Front 79

Sensitivity

Back 79

The level that the intracardiac electrical activity must exceed in order to be sensed by a pacemaker

Front 80

Sinus Rhythm

Back 80

Electrical activity of the heart initiated by the SA node

Front 81

ST segment

Back 81

Reflects the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave

Front 82

Supraventricular Tachycardia

Back 82

A Rhythm that originates in the conduction system above the ventricles

Front 83

T wave

Back 83

Reflects depolarizations of the ventricles

Front 84

TP Interval

Back 84

Reflects the time between the end of the T wave and beginning of the next P wave

Front 85

Triggered

Back 85

In reference to pacemakers, describes the release of an impulse in response to some stimulus

Front 86

Ventricular Tachycardia

Back 86

A Rhythm that originates in the ventricles

Front 87

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

Back 87

signs and symptoms that indicate unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction

Front 88

Angina pectoris

Back 88

Chest pain brought about by myocardial ischemia

Front 89

Atheroma

Back 89

fibrous cap composed of smooth muscle cells that forms over lipid deposits within arterial vessels and protrudes into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing the lumen and obstructing blood flow; also called plaque

Front 90

Atherosclerosis

Back 90

Abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and the lumen

Front 91

Contractility

Back 91

Ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse

Front 92

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Back 92

A surgical procedure in which a blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted onto the occluded coronary artery below the occlusion in such a way that blood flow bypasses the blockage

Front 93

Creatine kinase (CK)

Back 93

An enzyme found in human tissues; one of the three types of CK is specific to heart muscle and may be used as an indicator of heart muscle injury

Front 94

HDL

Back 94

A protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to the liver for excretion in the bile; composed of a higher proportion of protein to lipid than LDL; exerts beneficial effect on the arterial wall

Front 95

Ischemia

Back 95

Insufficient tissue oxygenation

Front 96

LDL

Back 96

A protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to tissues in the body; composed of a lower proportion of protein to lipid than HDL; exerts a harmful effect on the arterial wall

Front 97

Metabolic Syndrome

Back 97

A cluster of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

Front 98

Myocardial infarction

Back 98

Death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow

Front 99

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)

Back 99

An invasive procedure in which a catheter is placed in a coronary artery, and one of several methods is employed to remove or reduce a blockage within the artery

Front 100

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)

Back 100

A type of percutaneous coronary intervention in which a balloon is inflated within a coronary artery to break an atheroma and open the vessel lumen, improving coronary artery blood flow

Front 101

Stent

Back 101

A woven mesh that provides structural support to a coronary vessel, preventing its closure

Front 102

Sudden cardiac death

Back 102

Abrupt cessation of effective heart activity

Front 103

Thrombolytic

Back 103

An agent or process that breaks down blood clots

Front 104

Troponin

Back 104

Myocardial protein; measurement is used to assess heart muscle injury.

Front 105

Allograft

Back 105

Heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve

Front 106

Annuloplasty

Back 106

Repair of a cardiac valve's outer ring

Front 107

Autograft

Back 107

Heart valve replacement made from the patients own heart valve

Front 108

Cardiomyopathy

Back 108

Disease of the heart muscle

Front 109

Chordae Tendineae

Back 109

Nondistensible fibrous strands connecting papillary muscles to atrioventricular (mitral, tricuspid) valve leaflets

Front 110

Chordoplasty

Back 110

Repair of the chord tendineae

Front 111

Commissurotomy

Back 111

Splitting or separating fused cardiac valve leaflets

Front 112

Heterograft

Back 112

Heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve

Front 113

Homograft

Back 113

Heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve

Front 114

Leaflet repair

Back 114

Repair of a cardiac valve's moveable flaps

Front 115

mitral valve

Back 115

atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle

Front 116

Orthotopic transplantation

Back 116

The recipient's heart is removed and a donor heart is grafted into the same site; the patient has one heart

Front 117

Prolapse (of a valve)

Back 117

Stretching of an atrioventricular heart valve leaflet into the atrium during systole

Front 118

Pulmonic Valve

Back 118

Semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Front 119

Regurgitation

Back 119

Backward flow of blood through a heart valve

Front 120

Stenosis

Back 120

Narrowing or obstruction of a cardiac valve's orifice

Front 121

Total artifical heart

Back 121

Mechanical divide used to aid a failing heart, assisting the right and left ventricles

Front 122

Tricuspid valve

Back 122

Atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle

Front 123

Valve replacement

Back 123

insertion of a device at the site of a malfunctioning heart valve to restore blood flow in one direction through the heart

Front 124

Valvuloplasty

Back 124

Repair of a stenosed or regurgitant cardiac valve by commissurotomy, annuloplasty, leaflet repair, or chordoplasty

Front 125

Ventricular Assist Device

Back 125

Mechanical device used to aid a failing right or left ventricle

Front 126

Xenograft

Back 126

Heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve

Front 127

Acute decompensated heart failure

Back 127

Acute exacerbation of heart failure, with signs and symptoms resulting in markedly lower systemic perfusion

Front 128

Anuria

Back 128

Urine output of less than 50 mL/24 hr

Front 129

Ascites

Back 129

An accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Front 130

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)

Back 130

A treatment for heart failure in which a divide paces both ventricles to synchronize contractions

Front 131

Compliance

Back 131

The elasticity or amount of "give" when blood enters the ventricle

Front 132

Congestive Heart Failure

Back 132

A fluid overload condition associated with heart failure

Front 133

Contractility

Back 133

The force of ventricular contraction; related to the number and state of myocardial cells

Front 134

Diastolic Heart Failure

Back 134

The inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of an alteration in the ability of the heart to fill.

Front 135

Ejection Fraction

Back 135

% of blood volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole that is ejected during systole; a measurement of contractility

Front 136

Heart Failure

Back 136

The inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients

Front 137

Left-sided heart failure

Back 137

Inability of the left ventricle to fill or pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients; traditional term to describe patient's symptoms of heart failure

Front 138

Oliguria

Back 138

Diminished urine output; less than 500 mL/24 hr

Front 139

Orthopnea

Back 139

Shortness of breath when laying flat

Front 140

Paroxysmal norcturnal dyspnea

Back 140

Shortness of breath that occurs suddenly during sleep

Front 141

Pericardiocentesis

Back 141

Procedure that involves aspiration of fluid from the pericardial sac

Front 142

Pericardiotomy

Back 142

Surgically created opening of the pericardium

Front 143

Pulmonary Edema

Back 143

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces and alveoli of the lungs

Front 144

Pulseless electrical activity (PEA)

Back 144

Condition in which electrical activity is present but there is not an adequate pulse or blood pressure

Front 145

Pulsus Paradoxus

Back 145

Systolic blood pressure that is more than 10 mmHG higher during exhalation than during inspiration; difference is normally less than 10 mmHg

Front 146

Right sided Heart Failure

Back 146

Inability of the right ventricle to fill or pump empty sufficient blood to the pulmonary circulation

Front 147

Stroke volume

Back 147

Amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction

Front 148

Systolic Heart Failure

Back 148

Inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of an alteration in the ability of the heart to contract