Carboniferous And Permian Periods

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Incomplete metamorphosis:

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in certain insects, a life cycle characterizes by the absence of a pupal stage between the immature and adult stages
- in some species of insects
- Some: They hatch from an egg as a nymph (no functional wings) and resemble the adults
- Others: the aquatic nymphs are morphologically different from the adults.
- Adults can differ by the development of wings, or the nature or colour of the cuticle. The terminal segments are reorganized to produce external genitalia.
- Exsiting cells are reprogrammed at the last moult to produce the adult form.

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Internal fertilization:

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- In insect: an adaption for life on land, sperm packets are enclosed in spermophores and inserted in female ducts or transfer may be direct by penis
- Sperm is stored in the female until used to fertilize eggs at time of egg laying.
- In animals: mammals, annelids, some arthropods, some mollusks, fish, reptiles, birds
- Sperm released by the male close to or inside the entrance to the females reproductive tract. Swim through the females tract until one reaches and fertilizes an egg.
- Makes life on land possible, females tract, provides the watery medium.
- gametes won’t dry out because they are not exposed to air.

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Longitudinal muscle:

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- part of the body wall in the phylum annelida
- they have both longitudinal muscles and circular ones
- alternate contractions of those muscle groups allow them to make directional movements
- the coelom is used as a hydrostatic skeleton

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Lophophore:

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- circular or u-shaped fold with one or two rows of hollow, ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth.
- Characteristic of phyla: Brachiopoda, Ectoprocta and Phoronida
- The cilia bring food laden water towards it

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Lophotrochozoa:

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: ****

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Marine anoxia:

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are areas of sea water or fresh water that are depleted of dissolved oxygen. This condition is generally found in areas that have restricted water exchange.
- cause of massive extinction on the planet
- casued by: ******?????

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Mass extinction:

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the disappearance of a large number of species in a relatively short period of geological time.
- Happened 5 times throughout earths history: end Ordovician, End Devonian, End Permian (most servere), end Triassic, end Cretaceous

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Megasporangium:

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- contains a single megaspore, where the female gametophyte develops
- appears in Gymnosperms: the first seed plants

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Megaspore:

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- produced as the larger of two types of spores in the two types of sporangia by heterosporous vascular plants
- larger spore
- develop into female gametophytes

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Metamorphosis:

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reorganization of the form of certain animals during postembryonic development.
- larva differs greatly from adult
- adult and larvae often occupy different habitats, and eat different food, a major innovation.
- Before transforming into sexually mature adults they spend time in a pupa. Larval tissues destroyed and replaced by disks, new cells then created.

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Microsporangium:

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- where the micrespores are retained

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Microspore:

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- produced as the smaller of two types of spores in the two types of sporangia by heterosporous vascular plants
- smaller spore
- develop into male gametophytes
- enveloped in additional layers of sporophyte tissue.

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Mucous glands

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- amphibian adaption to half terrestrial life
- produced mucous to cover body and ensure that gas exchange can take place across skin
- some developed way to keep water in, and not need wet gas exchange = toads

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Oviparous:

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Reffering to animals that lays eggs containing the nutrients needed for development of the embryos outside the mothers body
- This is the reproductive method of most fish, amphibians, reptiles, all birds, the monotremes, and most insects and arachnids.

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Ovules:

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egg developing inside a gametophyte that is retained not only inside the spore wall but also inside megasporangial tissue.
- increased protection for the female gametophyte and egg

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Pangea

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a supercontinent that existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras about 250 million years ago, before the component continents were separated into their current configuration.[2]

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Permian period:

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- development of Gymnosperms
- 290-248 MA
- Pangea supercontinent forms, drying trend begin
- Mammal-like reptiles
- End Permian extinction

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Plasmogamy:

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he sexual stage of fungi during which the cytoplasm’s of two genetically different partners fuse
- two parent mycelia fuse with fusion of nuclei
- after plasmogamy a secondary mycelium forms, a dikaryotic cell with one nucleus from each parent
- become n+n

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Poison glands:

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first in amphibians
- physical protection as a replacement of scales
- some extremely deadly

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Pollen:

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- eliminating the need for water in reproduction
- transferred to female reproductive parts via air current or on the bodies of animal pollinators.
- pollen grain lands on female tissue and the pollen grain germinate.

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Pollen tube

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a cell that grows through female gametophyte tissue by invasive growth and carries the nonmotile sperm to the egg

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Procuticle:

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The procuticle is the major portion of the exoskeleton of an insect (and various other arthropods);
- thick, inner, chitin- protein layer
- surrounded by epicuticle

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Pupa:

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- sessile period of time
- the stage before becoming a sexually mature adult
- during the stage most larval tissues are destroyed and replaced by embryonic cells called disk, entirely new cells are formed
- butterflys, beetles, wasps
- Complete metamorphosis only

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Reptilia:

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class in the animal kingdom
- breathing air
- laying shelled eggs, some give live birth
- and having skin covered in scales and/or scutes
- "cold-blooded" metabolism.
- tetrapods (either having four limbs or being descended from four-limbed ancestors)
- Turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes
- Showed up in the carboniferous perios
- Birds evolved from this group

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Seed:

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when the ovule is fertilized
- Structure that forms when the ovule matures
- 3 parts:
- 1. The embryo sporophyte
- 2. The tissues around it containing nutrition. Nourishes the embryo until it becomes established as a plantlet with leaves and roots
- 3. Tough protective outer seed coat
- shelters from drought, cold, or other adverse conditions
- can also be transported far from the parent. 2

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Segmentation:

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- refers to Phylum Annelida body plan
- the body is highly segmented: the body wall muscles and some organs: respiratory surfaces, parts of the nervous, circulatory and excretory systems, and the coelum are divided into similar repeating units.
- Each segment is separated by transverse partitions called septa
- The digestive system and major blood vessels are not segmented

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Seminal receptacle:

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where seminal fluid is received and stored.

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Seminal vesicle:

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a vesicle that secrets seminal fluid.

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Spermatophore:

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packets of sperm produced by male insects that are then inserted into the female ducts
- females store them in the ducts until use to fertilize eggs
- in some species

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Spiracle:

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an opening of chitinous exoskeleton of an insect through which air enters and leaves the tracheal system.
- can be open and closed to reduce water loss

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Trachea:

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- in insects, an extensively branched, air conducting tube formed by invagination of the outer epidermis of the animal and reinforced by rings of chitin. Oxygen supplied directly to tissues through this
- In vertebrates: the windpipe, which braches to the bronchi

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Tracheal system:

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- in insects, they exchange gases through this specialized system: a branching network of tubes that carries oxygen from small opening in the exoskeleton to individual cell throughout the body.

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Trochophore larva:

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zygotes of marine species of the phylum Mollusca often develop into free swimming trochophore larva.
- this also happens in the phylum Annelida
- in some mollusks it develops into a secondary larval stage (veliger) before becoming an adult.
- Some snails only have this stage within the eggs
- Squids and octopuses have no larval stages

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Vessel elements:

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shorter cells joined end to end in tube like columns called vessels.
- Vessles: several centimeters long, have pits
- Perforations: cause water to move more efficiently through vessels then tracheids due to their greater diameters and perforations
- Transport water

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Yolk sac:

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in the egg as the developing embryos energy source
- in amniotes eggs, an extra embryonic membrane that encloses the yolk