Carboniferous And Permian

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Abdomen

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- The region of the body that conatinsmuch of the diegestive tract and sometimes part of the reproductive system; in insects, the region behind the thorax

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Albumen

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- Protein rich portion of the amniotes egg
- When broken down creates large amount of metabolic water
- Nutrient and water supply for embryo

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Allantois

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- The place for waste products from the embryo inside the egg
- Nitrogenous wastes: urea, uric acid

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Amnion

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- Fluid filled sack inside the amniote egg
- Where the embryo is located

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Amniotes

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- Amniote egg, which allows them to lay eggs on land instead of returning to the marine environment
- Embryo develops in fluid filled sack the amnion

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Amphibia

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- Anura, Urodela, Gynophonia
- Skin is the major site of gas exchange, most have moist skin restricting them to aquatic or humid terrestrial habitats
- Many include larval and adult life stages

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Antheridia

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- Gametangia that sperm is formed in

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

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- Fungi with symbiotic associations with plant roots
- Colonize the roots of plants and proliferate in the soil around the plants, hyphae penetrate through cell walls and branch repeatedly to form arbuscles (little trees)
- Fungus obtains sugars from the plant and in return provides the plant with a steady suppy of dissolved minerals that it has obtained from the surrounding soil
- Leaven bread and produce ethanol in alcoholic beverages
- Form mycorrhizas in lichens

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Archegonium

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- Gametangia that bryophyte eggs are formed in
- Flask shaped structure that shelters eggs

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Ascocarp

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- A reproductive body of an ascomycota that contains asci

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Ascomycota

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- Hyphal body type fungi
- Sexual spores produced in sacs called asci
- Very numerous more than 30 000 identified species
- Have a dikaryotic life cycle

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Ascus

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- Saclike structures in which spores are formed in sexual reproduction, gives the name to the phylum Ascomycota
- Often enclosed in a fruiting body

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Background extinction

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- One of two types of extinctions that occur, the type of extinction where most types of extinctions occur
- Based on a rate of extinction for species for most species the average is about 10 million years

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Basidium

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- Basidium is a small club shaped structure in which sexual spores of the basidiomycetes arise

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Basidyomycota

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- 24 000 species of fungi in this phylum, common name is club fungi
- Hyphal body type
- Sexual spores form in basidia of a prominent fruiting body e.g. mushrooms
- Some degrade woody plant debris, some of the same species are carnivorous
- Form mycorrhizas with roots of forest trees
- Some produce very deadly toxins
- Can be dikaryotic

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Carboniferous period

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- Dominated by large vascular seedless plants which were abundant in lignin
- Buried remains of these plants became compressed and fossilized forming much of the worlds coal reserves

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Chorion

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- In an amniote egg, an extraembyronic membrane that surrounds the embryo and yolk sac completely and exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment; becomes part of the placenta in mammals.

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Clitellum

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- Used in annelid reproduction
- Modification of a section of body wall consisting of glandular thickening near the gonopores
- During copulation secretes mucus that keeps worms paired while sperm are being exchanged
- Secretes a viscid sac in which the eggs are deposited

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Coal forests

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- Name used for large wetland carboniferous and Permian forests that later accumulated large deposits of peat and later changed into coal

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Complete metamorphosis

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- Most insects undergo this type of metamorphosis the larva that hatches from the egg differs greatly from the adult
- Larva and adults occupy different habitats and consume different food
- Larvae are often worm shaped with chewing mouthparts
- Larvae will grow and moult several times before transforming into the sexually mature morphology

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Cuticle

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- An outer waxy layer that prevents water loss from plant tissues
- Or the exoskeleton of insects that give strength stability and waterproofing

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Dikaryotic

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- The life stage in certain fungi in which a cell contains two genetically distinct haploid nuclei

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Ectomycorrhiyzal fungi

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- A mycorrhiza that grows between and around the young roots of trees and shrubs but does not enter the root cells

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Epicuticle

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- Water proofing portion of the insect exoskeleton
- Made out of waxes (lipids)
- Lack insect

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Exoskeleton

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- A hard external covering of an animal’s body that blocks the passage of water and provides support and protection
- Made from a epi and procuticle
- Chitin and glycoproteins form procuticle and waxes form epicuticle

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Flood basalts

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- When continental plates drift over mantle plumes and the earth melts and basalt lava floods out
- E.g. Iceland lava flows out of the mantle and floods across the ocean floor or on land
- Lava floods can be the size of continents and result in dust and debris that enter the atmosphere and cloud the sun
- Causes a loss in primary productivity and an increase in carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide

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Gametophyte

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- An individual of the haploid generation produced when a spore germinates and grows directly by mitotic divisions in organisms that undergo alternation of generations.

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Gas hydrates

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- Methane gas that is solidified due to water pressure and temperature return to a gas state and are released into the atmosphere
- Decreased pressure or falling ocean levels or increased water temperature could cause this release of methane
- Causes mass extinction

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Gymnosperm

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- A seed plant that produces naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary (fruit)
- First seen in the Devonian period

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Head

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- Anterior most part of the body containing the brain, sensory structures, and feeding aparatus

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Hermaphrodite

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- Organism that contains the mechanism in which both mature egg-producing and mature sperm-producing tissue are present in the same individual.

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Heterosporous

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- Organisms that produce two types of spores
- Male microspores and female megaspores

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Homosporous

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- Producing only one type of spore

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Hydrostatic skeleton

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- A structure consisting of muscles and fluid that, by themselves, provide support for the animal or part of the animal; no rigid support, such as a bone, is involved.

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Hyphae

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- The threadlike filaments that form the mycelium of a fungus
- These fine filaments spread through whatever substrate the fungus is growing in forming a network (mycelium)
- Tubes of cytoplasm surrounded by cell walls of chitin
- Grow and exert mechanical force which allows them to push through their substrate, release enzymes and absorb nutrients as they go

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Karyogamy

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- Nuclear fusion of recently combined haploid cells that are sexually compatible

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Larva

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- A sexually immature stage in the life cycle of many animals that is morphologically distinct from the adult

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Lichen

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- A compound organism formed by an association between a fungus (ascomycete or basidiomycete called a mycobiont) and a green alga or cyanobacterium (photobiont).
- Secrete acids that eat away at rock breaking it down and converting it to soil
- 13500 different speices many reproduce asexually by fragmentations called soredia

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Lignin

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- A tough intert polymer that strengthens the secondary walls of various plant cells and thus helps vascular plants grow taller and stay erect on land

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Lignase

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- Enzyme produced by some bacidiomycetes fungi to decompose woody plant debris