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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What makes things change colour due to temperature change |
Due to thermochromic pigments |
What pigment thingy :P |
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What makes things glow in the dark |
Phosphorescent Pigments |
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What is a Monomer? |
A small unsaturated molecule |
Mono=1 |
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What is a polymer? |
When many monomers join together in a chain |
Poly=Many |
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What is the name of the process the turns monomers into polymers? How is it done? |
Additional Polymerisation. Done on an industrial scale using high pressure and a catalyst. |
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How do you name a polymer? |
This usually just involves putting 'poly' in front of the monomer. |
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What does addional polymerisation involve the reaction of? |
Many small unsaturated molecules to form a saturated polymer |
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What is the polymer name for the monomer Ethene |
Polyethene |
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Only what can be made into polymers? |
Alkenes |
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What does the additional polymerisation reaction cause the double bonds to do? |
Break and the carbon atoms form a new bond. |
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What is an Alkane? |
A saturated hydrocarbon molecule with a single covalent bond between atoms. |
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What's an alkene? |
An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a double covalent bond. |
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What is the general formula for alkanes? |
CnH2n+2 |
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What is the general formula for Alkenes? |
CnH2n |
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What happen to bromine water when an alkene is added? |
It changes from orange to colourless (decolourises) |
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What happened to the percentage of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide? Why? |
Oxygen-Increased Carbon Dioxide-Decreased. Organisms that could photosynthesise turned CO2 into O2. |
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How can we reduce levels of Carbon Monoxide? |
Using catalytic converters AND burning less fossil fuels. |
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One theory was that the earth was rich in what? |
Water Vapour and Carbon Dioxide. |
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Why do Oxygen and Nitrogen react in a car engine? |
Usually unreactive. High heat and high pressure mean that nigtrogen and oxygen react. |
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What percentage of the air is Oxygen? |
21% |
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How can Carbon Monoxide affect us? |
Cause blood to carry less oxygen which means you can die from Carbon monoxide poisoning AND makes buildings dirty |
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What formed the original atmosphere? |
Gases escaping from the interior of the earth. |
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How is Carbon Monoxide formed? |
Fossil fuels burn to create Carbon Dioxide. However, when there isn't enough Oxygen (incomplete combustion) they create Carbon Monoxide. |
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Where to gases come from? |
The centre of the earth through volcanoes and a process called degassing. |
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In a catalyst converter, what reaction takes place? |
Nitric oxides and carbon monoxide are converted into carbon dioxide and Nitrogen |
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What is the balenced symbol equation for Oxygen and Nitrogen reacting in car engines? |
N2 + 2O2 = 2NO2 |
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How is CO2 formed? |
Complete Combustion and Respiration. |
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When does incomplete combustion occur? |
When there is a shortage of Oxygen in the air. |
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When does complete combustion happen? |
When there is a plentiful supply of Oxygen in the air. |
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What are governments concerned about? What have they pledged to do? |
Increased CO2 emissions. Try to cut out carbon dioxide emissions over the next 15-20 years. (Global problem,can't be sorted out by one country) |
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Why are we using more fossil fuels? |
Larger Population, Found more uses for them, Countries such as India and China now use more. |
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What makes a good fuel? |
Long lasting FIt for purpose Easy to store No/low pollution Easy to burn |
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What effect does Carbon Dioxide have? |
Too much causes global warming. |
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How can we reduce levels of CO2? |
Burn less fossil fhels by using less electricity and having less car/plane journeys |
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How is nitrogen oxide formed? |
Nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen (under high heat/pressure) to produce nitrogen monoxide/oxide. |
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What affect does Nitrogen Oxide have? |
Creates acid rain, making soi acidic,killing trees and makes lakes acidic, killing fish. |
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Over the past millions of years what has happened to Nitrogen level. |
It slowly increased and beig unreactive little was removed. |
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What happened to the water vapour? |
It condensed to form oceans. |
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What is the word equation for complete combustion? |
Hydrocarbon+Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water |
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What can prevent Nitrogen and Oxygen reacting? |
Catalytic Converters. |
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What affect can Sulphur Dioxide have? |
Cause differiculties for someone with asthma OR Dissolves into water to form acid rain that can damage wildlife and limestone buildings |
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What does a Catalytic Converters do in a car? |
Changes Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Oxide into Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen. |
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What happens when we cook proteins and carbohydrates? |
They denature (change shape irreversibly) |
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What happens when we cook potatoes? |
The starch grains swell up and spread out The cell wall rupture and lose their rigid structure |
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What does limewater test for? What happens to it? |
It tests for Carbon Dioxide Turns a milky white. |
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What is the word equation for when baking powder decomposes? |
Sodium hydrogencarbonate = Sodium carbonate+carbon dioxide +water |
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What is the balenced symbol equation for when baking powder decomposes? |
2NaHCO2 = Na2CO3+CO2+H2O |
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What do we call the reaction that takes place when we heat baking powder? |
A thermal decomposition reaction. |
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Why does baking powder make things rise? |
Because of the carbom dioxide gas that's produced. |
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What are anti-oxidents? |
Food addictives that stops food reacting with oxygen and going off. (Eg:Vitamin C) |
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What are colour enhancers? |
A food addictive that gives food an improved colour (to make it more attractive) eg:caramel |
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What are flavour enhancers? |
Gives food an improved flavour (eg:monosodium glutamate) |
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What do emulsifiers do? |
Stops oil and water mixed together from separating. |
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What two parts do emulsifiers have? And what do they do? |
A hydrophilic head-sticks to the water A hydrophobic tail-sticks to the oil |
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What is the equation for making esters? |
Alcohol+Acid = Ester+Water |
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What is cracking? |
A chemical process that converts large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller more useful hydrocarbon molecules. |
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What happens during catalytic cracking? |
Large hydrocarbons are broken into smaller molecules using heat and a catalyst. |
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What happens to the small molecules produced in cracking? |
They are then separated by distillation. |
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Why aren't large molecules efficent? |
They don't flow easily and are differcult to ignite. |
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What are smaller alkanes used for? |
Making fuels, such as petrol. |
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What are alkenes used for? |
Making polymers. |
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What does cracking do to chemicals bonds in molecules? |
It breaks them. |
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What type of reaction is cracking? |
A thermal deposition reaction. |
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Why do we use cracking? |
Crude oil contains too many large hydrocarbon molecules and not enough small ones to meet demand. |
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What are the different fractions in crude oil? (From bottom to top) |
Bitumen Fuel Oil Lubricating Oil Diesel Kerosine Naphtha Petrol Refinary gas |
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Why are fossil fuels non-renewable resources? |
They are being used up much faster then then are being formed. |
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Why are fossil fuels finate resources? |
They are no longer being made or are being made extremely slowly. |
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Explain Frational Distillation in terms of intermolecular forces. |
Longer hydrocarbon chain molecules have more intermolecular forces and this means that they have higher boiling points. |
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Where is a fractional distillation column hottest? |
Towards the bottom. |
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What happens in a fractional column? |
Crude oil is heated with a temperature gradient and different fractions condense at different temperatures. |
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What are enviromental problems with extracting crude oil? |
Oil spills cause considerable amounts of damage both on sea and on land. Beaches and wildlife are harmed when they're coated with oil. Oil damages birds feathers and may cause them to die. |
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What are political problems with extracting crude oil? |
The uk is dependent on oil and gases from political unstable contries Oil producing contries can set high proces for oil and this can cause future problems for non-oil producing contries. |
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What is naphtha in demand for? |
Medicines, plastics and dyes. |
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What should you consider when choosing a good fuel? |
Availability Cost Energy Value Pollution Ease of use Toxicity Storage |
ACE PETS |
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What is the word equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon? |
Hydrocarbon+Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide+Water |
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What is the word equation for incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon. |
Hydrocarbon+Oxygen = Carbon Monoxide+Carbon+Water |
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What is the balenced symbol equation for the complete combustion of ethane |
2C2H6 + 7O2 = 4CO2 +6H2O |
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Which type of combustion releases more energy? |
Complete Combustion. |
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What is produced during incomplete combustion? |
Toxic Gas (CO) and soot (C) |
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How much of the air is Nitrogen? |
78% |
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Why is gortex breathable? |
The PTFE membrane has holes that are too small for (rain) water to pass through but are big enough so that water vapour (sweat) can get out. |
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What properties does nylon have? |
It's tough,lightweight and keeps out UV light and water. However, it doesn't let water vapour out. |
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What does breathable mean? |
It means that sweat can pass through but rainwater cannot. |
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What are some properties needed in plastic bags? |
Non-toxic, Lightweight, Water proof, Strong |
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What are properties needed in tights? |
Breathable, Stretchy, Flexible |
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What are some properties needed in plastic bottles? |
Non-toxic, durable and holds liquid. |
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What are some properties needed for laptop cases? |
Solid, hard and lightweight |
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What are atoms in polymers held together by? |
Strong Convalent Bonds |
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What are the properties of polymer layers with cross links? |
They have stronger intermolecular forces, this means they have a higher melting point because more energy is required to break the layers apart. They're less flexible because layers cannot slide past each other. |
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What are the properties of polymer layers with no cross links? |
They're flexible-layers can slide past on other Weak intermolecular forces and a lower melting point-less energy is needed to break layers apart. |
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What are 3 ways of disposing polymers? |
Landfill, Incineration and Recycling. |
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What are the disadvantages of landfill? |
Uses up valuable land Often fill up quickly |
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What are advantages of using landfill? |
It's cheap ansd easy |
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What are disadvantages of burning polymers? |
The CO2 produced causes global warming Toxic gases are produced (Unless burnt at high temperatures) |
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What are the advantages of burning polymers? |
They realese lots of heat energy that can be used to heat homes/generate electricity |
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What are the disadvantages of recycling polymers? |
The separation of polymers can be differcult and expensive. |
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What are the advantages of recycling polymers? |
Reduces disposal problems Reduces amount of valuable resources (such as crude oil) from being used. |
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What are the new types of polymers being developed by scientists? |
Polymers that can dissolve (eg: dishwater tablets) Biodegradable polymers (that break down easily) |
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What are esters? |
The family of chemical compounds responsible for sweet and floral smells |
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What are esters used for? |
Making perfumes |
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What are properties of perfume? |
Evaporates easily- so that the particles can reach the nose Non-toxic- doesn't poison you Doesn't react with water- when you sweat Doesn't irritate the skin- direct sprayed on skin Insouble in water- Doesn't wash off easily |
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Which is used to speed up the reaction when making esters? |
An acid (such as sulphuric acid) is used as a catalyst to speed up the reaction. |
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Soluble |
Describes a substance that will dissolve in a liquid |
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Insouble |
Describes a substance that will not dissolve in a liquid |
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Solution |
Mixture of a subtance (solute) dissolved in a liquid (solvent) |
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Solvent |
The liquid that does the dissolving to form a solution |
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Volatility |
The ability of a substance to evaporate easily. |
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