Carbon Chemistry

Front 1

The number of ____________ determines what element a particular atom is.

Back 1

protons

Front 2

Atoms have the same number of ___________ and _______________.

Back 2

protons and electrons

Front 3

____________ is formed when plants were buried and put under extreme pressure

Back 3

coal

Front 4

Hydrocarbons are formed by the joining of these two elements

Back 4

Hydrogen and carbon.

Front 5

How many bonds does carbon like to form?

Back 5

four

Front 6

Name the class of molecules formed when carbon is joined in chains with all single bonds.

Back 6

alkanes

Front 7

How do you count to ten in carbons?

Back 7

meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec

Front 8

What is the general name for the unrefined oil (alkane) that comes up from the ground?

Back 8

crude oil

Front 9

A chain of carbons with at least one double bond between carbons is part of the ______________ group.

Back 9

alkene

Front 10

A _________________ hydrocarbon has only single bonds, as compared to an ____________________ hydrocarbon, which has at least one double or triple bond.

Back 10

saturated, unsaturated

Front 11

A chain of carbons with at least one triple bond between carbons is part of the ________________ group.

Back 11

alkyne

Front 12

A circle of six carbons with one hydrogen attached to each, C6H6, is called ___________________

Back 12

benzene

Front 13

The kind of alcohol in beer and wine is called

Back 13

ethanol

Front 14

Soap has a long hydrocarbon chain on one end and a carboxylic acid on the other end. The hydrocarbon end is _________________________ , or water-hating, while the acid end is __________________, or water-loving.

Back 14

hydrophobic, hydrophilic

Front 15

The reason plain water doesn't usually work to get things clean is that most dirt is surrounded by a thin film of _____________, which is hydrophobic, so the water can't hold onto it to wash it away.

Back 15

oil

Front 16

A ___________________ is a long chain of the same repeating chemical group over and over again to make a huge, long molecule.

Back 16

polymer

Front 17

If something is man-made, we say it is

Back 17

synthetic

Front 18

_____________________ are synthetic polymers.

Back 18

plastics

Front 19

___________________ is a natural polymer.

Back 19

rubber

Front 20

Natural rubber is also known as _________________

Back 20

latex

Front 21

The problem with natural rubber is that it becomes ______________ in heat and _____________________ in cold.

Back 21

sticky, brittle

Front 22

__________________________ solved the problems with natural rubber when he accidentally dropped hot ___________________ on some rubber.

Back 22

Charles Goodyear, sulfur

Front 23

The fancy name for sugar is ___________________.

Back 23

saccharide

Front 24

If you eat too many carbohydrates and your glycogen storehouses get full, your body will turn the glucose into ______________.

Back 24

fat

Front 25

____________________ is the common name for a long chain of sugars linked together; _____________________ is the scientific term.

Back 25

starch, polysaccharide

Front 26

Fats, otherwise known as ___________, are hydrophobic.

Back 26

lipids

Front 27

Saturated fats have only _______________ bonds between their carbon atoms.

Back 27

single

Front 28

______________ fats were accidentally created while adding more hydrogens (hydrogenation) to polyunsaturated fats in an effort to make them have a better texture while baking.

Back 28

trans

Front 29

Our bodies can't break down trans fat, so it accumulates in our ______________________, blocking blood flow.

Back 29

arteries

Front 30

Proteins are chains of ____________________________ linked together.

Back 30

amino acids

Front 31

There are _____________________ different kinds of amino acids.

Back 31

twenty

Front 32

The order of amino acids in a protein is coded for by _______________.

Back 32

DNA

Front 33

The order of amino acids in a protein is very important, and determines what _________________ the protein will fold into.

Back 33

shape

Front 34

Carbon dioxide's chemical formula is _______________

Back 34

CO2

Front 35

Carbon monoxide's chemical formula is _______________.

Back 35

CO

Front 36

These organisms are responsible for capturing carbon that's in the air and making it into fuel for themselves and animals. ___________________ is the name of the process they use to do this.

Back 36

plants, photosynthesis.

Front 37

Carbon monoxide is bad for you because you can't __________ it or ______________ it, and it takes the place of oxygen on the _______________________ in your red blood cells.

Back 37

see, smell, hemoglobin

Front 38

Most atoms like to have _________ electrons in the outer shell.

Back 38

eight

Front 39

When two atoms share one pair of electrons, a _____________ is formed.

Back 39

single bond

Front 40

When two atoms share two pairs of electrons, a _________________ is formed.

Back 40

double bond

Front 41

When two atoms share three pairs of electrons, a _________________ is formed.

Back 41

triple bond

Front 42

________________ is formed when wood is burned under low oxygen conditions.

Back 42

charcoal

Front 43

This gas is colorless, odorless, and very flammable. It accumulates in mines and silos, where it can cause explosions or be poisonous to anyone in that location. It also is produced by bacteria in the intestines.

Back 43

methane

Front 44

If auto gas has too much heptane instead of octane, this will happen.

Back 44

"Knocking", where the gas explodes too early.

Front 45

Name the process used to create more gasoline (octane) from longer alkanes.

Back 45

Cracking

Front 46

When two molecules are made out of exactly the same number and kinds of atoms but have different arrangements of those atoms, they are called

Back 46

isomers

Front 47

Benzene is normally a stable molecule, but when a human consumes it, the _____________ tries to break it down and actually makes it unstable and dangerous.

Back 47

liver

Front 48

___________________ is a benzene with a CH3 group attached. It is used as a solvent and is very bad for your health. It's produced naturally by the tolu tree.

Back 48

toluene

Front 49

The kind of alcohol you use to kill germs is called

Back 49

isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol)

Front 50

A ketone that is often used to remove fingernail polish is

Back 50

acetone

Front 51

Fruity smells are often from this functional group.

Back 51

esters

Front 52

This functional group makes things really stinky and compounds with it are often used to put people to sleep for surgeries

Back 52

ethers

Front 53

The reason soap works to get things clean is that the hydrocarbon chain end grabs onto the _______________ and the carboxylic acid end grabs onto the _________________, making a bridge between the two.

Back 53

oil, water

Front 54

If you have a long chain of carbon atoms with ________________ attached instead of the hydrogens, you've made _________________, so your eggs don't stick to the pan when you fry them!

Back 54

fluorine, teflon

Front 55

The process of mixing sulfur with natural rubber to improve its characteristics in heat and cold is called

Back 55

vulcanization.

Front 56

Sulfur creates _______________________ between the polymers in rubber, making it ____________________.

Back 56

crosslinks, elastic

Front 57

Silly putty is a polymer based on ___________________ instead of carbon.

Back 57

silicon

Front 58

A simple, one unit sugar is called a

Back 58

monosaccharide

Front 59

The monosaccharide mostly used by our bodies to produce energy is _______________________

Back 59

glucose

Front 60

When your body has too much free glucose running around, it hooks a bunch of glucose molecules together in a string in order to store them for a bit. We call this substance

Back 60

glycogen

Front 61

When your body doesn't have enough _____________________ to burn for energy, its first choice is to break apart strings of ___________________ to make individual ______________ molecules again.

Back 61

glucose, glycogen, glucose

Front 62

________________________ is made by the ______________, and is released when glucose levels in the blood get too high.

Back 62

insulin, pancreas

Front 63

Insulin makes ______________________ be taken up by cells, where it is strung together into __________________. This brings the blood glucose levels back to normal.

Back 63

glucose, glycogen

Front 64

________________________________ usually happens to adults, and one of its main causes is consistently eating too much _____________________.

Back 64

type 2 diabetes, sugar

Front 65

In Type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to ______________________, and it takes more and more of it to get glucose to go into cells to be turned into glycogen.

Back 65

insulin

Front 66

____________________ is the kind of polysaccharide or starch that plants use for their structural parts. Most animals can't digest it on their own - they need help from bacteria in the intestines.

Back 66

cellulose.

Front 67

A fat that has only one double bond between its carbon atoms is ________________________

Back 67

monounsaturated

Front 68

A fat that has mulitiple double bonds between its carbon atoms is _______________________

Back 68

polyunsaturated

Front 69

A ________________ fat has the hydrogen atoms on the same sides of the carbon-carbon double bond.

Back 69

cis

Front 70

A _______________ fat has the hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond.

Back 70

trans

Front 71

An ___________________ is a special kind of protein that helps makes reactions happen more quickly in an organism.

Back 71

enzyme

Front 72

The ___________________ of an enzyme is critical for it to work correctly.

Back 72

shape

Front 73

The innermost shell of electrons can hold up to ________ electrons

Back 73

two

Front 74

Different geometric arrangements of the same element are called

Back 74

allotropes

Front 75

Name three allotropes of carbon

Back 75

diamond, graphite, and buckeyballs (buckminsterfullerene)

Front 76

When something doesn't have a particular geometric shape, we say it is

Back 76

amorphous

Front 77

Name two amorphous forms of carbon

Back 77

coal and charcoal

Front 78

Another name for methane is

Back 78

natural gas

Front 79

The kind of gas you keep in a tank to grill with is called ______________ and it has how many carbon atoms?

Back 79

propane. Three

Front 80

The kind of gas in a hand-held lighter is called ________________ and it has how many carbon atoms?

Back 80

butane, four

Front 81

Alkanes with 1-4 carbons are ______________, with 5-18 are ________________, and with 19 or more are __________________.

Back 81

gases, liquids, solids

Front 82

What happens at a refinery?

Back 82

Crude oil is distilled (specially heated) to separate out the different length carbon chains, so that various products can be made from them.

Front 83

Name a hydrocarbon where chlorines take the place of some of the hydrogens. It was used to kill insects (insecticide), but it also killed birds, so we don't use it anymore.

Back 83

DDT

Front 84

Name the group of alkanes where both chlorine and fluorine take the place of some of the hydrogens. They are used to make things spray out of spray cans, but many countries don't use them anymore due to concern that they might harm the ozone layer.

Back 84

chloroflorocarbons (CFCs)

Front 85

When you change ________________ isomers of octane to _____________ isomers, the gasoline burns better.

Back 85

straight, branched

Front 86

Name the gas produced by ripening fruit.

Back 86

ethylene

Front 87

___________________ is two benzene molecules stuck together, which looks like a moth. It is used in moth balls!

Back 87

naphthalene

Front 88

If you put a carboxylic acid on the end of lighter fluid (butane), you get ________________________, which is found in butter that has spoiled or on the gym shirt you forgot to put in the laundry three weeks ago…

Back 88

butyric acid

Front 89

This carboxylic acid is responsible for the sting of an ant bite

Back 89

formic acid

Front 90

A ______________________ is a chemical (often based on a hydrocarbon chain) that animals use to communicate with each other.

Back 90

pheromone

Front 91

_______________________ is a plastic used for all sorts of things that need both flexibility and toughness and can withstand both high and low temperatures.

Back 91

polyethylene

Front 92

Polyethylene comes in two basic varieties: HDPE, which stands for ______________________________ and will keep its shape in boiling water, and LDPE, which stands for __________________________________ and will melt and deform in boiling water.

Back 92

high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene

Front 93

If you add chlorine molecules to polyethylene, you make PVC, or ______________________________. This is what the off-white pipes in your house are made of.

Back 93

polyvinyl chloride

Front 94

_________________ is the tendency of a substance to maintain its shape instead of to run when exposed to gravity.

Back 94

viscosity

Front 95

____________________________ usually starts when you are a child, and is caused by the pancreas not making enough insulin. People who have this disease need to take shots of insulin.

Back 95

Type 1 diabetes

Front 96

Diabetes can lead to ____________________, _________________________, _______________________, and many other problems.

Back 96

heart disease, kidney problems, and blindness

Front 97

The real name for table sugar is _______________, and it is a _________________________ made of _______________ and ____________________.

Back 97

sucrose, disaccharide, fructose, glucose

Front 98

"Good cholesterol" is called _____________ and "bad cholesterol" is called ______________.

Back 98

HDL, LDL

Front 99

One end of an amino acid has a ___________________ group, and the other end has an ______________________ group, which contains a _____________________.

Back 99

carboxylic acid, amine, nitrogen

Front 100

_________________________ decodes the DNA instructions for making a protein into another form that can be taken out of the cell nucleus and out to the protein-making factories, which are called ______________________.

Back 100

messenger RNA, ribosomes