Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
outgassing |
2010 ejyafallajokull emmited 150,000 - 300,000 tonnes of co2 daily contributing to less than 0.3 % of global emmissiona |
|
|
carbon sequestration |
terrestrial sequestration 120 GT /yr oceanic sequestration 15 GT /yr phyto plankton a single celled photosynthetic organism sequestrates atm co2 by photosynthesis when the sink and sie zooplankton eat them so carbons passed along the food chain or some is released by respiration and excetion the biological carbon pump is effective during upwelling zones where nutrience is at the surface |
|
|
the global carbon cycle |
carbon is the chemical basis of all living things and it controls climatee carbon is the 4th most abundant gas can be measured in gigatonnes or pegagrams 2 sub cycles 1 geological rocks 2 biogeochemical atm vegatationa nd ocean |
|
|
photosynthesis |
light energy is absorbed using chlorophyll this eeacts with co2 and water to make glucose. a carbohydrate that allows the plant to grow oxygens produced as a bi product |
|
|
respiration |
plants use glucose and oxygen recycling co2 back in to the atmosphere |
|
|
carbon through the food chain |
primary producers get fed on by primary consumers whixh get eaten by secondary and tertairy consumers . some carbon is lost throughr espiration and exctetment DOM is broken down by detroitivors like worms to the decomposers |
|
|
the role of trees and soil |
trees from the flucose produce cellulose which stores carbon 50%of a trees dry mass is carbon soil the warmer the soil the faster the decomposition |
|
|
slow decomposition areas |
mangroves due to anearobic conditions limiting respiration by decomposers wetlands provide largest carbon stores per unit area permefrost of the artic tundra locks carbon away from decomposers when is thaws it remains water logged |
|
|
CO2 statistics |
89% anthropogenic emmisions 42% increase in the atm since 1850 remians for 800 yrs |
|
|
methane statistics |
7% anthropogenic 23 x more warming power than co2 250% increase in the atm since 1850 remains in the atm for 10 yrs |
|
|
emhanced green house effect |
human activities increase carbon on avg 6gt / year which can unbalence the dynamic eqm currently there is 4,000 gt of organic carbon stored as ff when combusted co2 levels in the atm will increase from 288 to 410 ppm thats a 42% increase of co2 emmissions and a 0.85 c derees temp rise |
|
|
IPCC |
intergovermental pannel in climate change advises groveremnt s on the effects and causes of climate change ie 4000 scientists findings say they are 95 % certain that since 1950 most warming was anthropogenic |
|
|
UK energy mix |
41000 gdp dependant on coal discovory of the north sea increased gas use by 40% renewables and nuclear are increasing due ti enviro priorities 2015 uk is aiming to reduce ghg emmissions by 40% by 2030 2017 UK managed 24 hrs with out buring coal since 1880s Uk imports 60% of energy |
|
|
norway energy mix |
62000 gdp dependant on HEP discovery of north sea increased gas 2016 norway comitted to a 40% reduction of ghg emmisions by 2030 the gov use profits from fossil fuels to invest in fossil free future projects 3rd largest exporter of fossil fuels |
|
|
energy security |
national energy consumption is tonnes of oil equivalent TOE economic and physical security make energy security |
|
|
gas nuclear and wind facts |
gas finite some say theres 15% left in the UK nuclear 10-20% of UK energy almost carbon nuetral 8/9 nuclear pp will close in the next 10 yrs wind there are 5,000 wind turbines across the uk |
|
|
energy players tnc |
explore exploit and distribute energy respond to market conditions ensuring profit for stakeholder sie gaz prom russia and shell uk |
|
|
OPEC player |
organisation of petroleum exporting countries conrtol 81% of proven oil reserves ensuring sustai able oil markets and ensure steady income for producers 2012-6 opec remained high prices even with global oil prices crashing due to fracking in the us |
|
|
national goverments |
meet enviromental priorities ie EDF french company is a goverment backed energy TNC involved in developement of new nuclear power pants in the UK ie hickley point c. EU goverments aim to fullfill co2 emmision targets |
|
|
consumer players |
create demand power over appliences like electricle cars expansion of fracking and nuclear |
|
|
Gazprom |
supplies every mcdonalds $112bn revenue in 2017 2nd highest co2 emmiting company globally in 2013 drilling in the artic caused protests with green peace on 1 occassion 2 campaigners got arrested for climbing an oil rig and 30 were arrested in 2013 for protest son a gazprom platform |
|
|
global energy consumption |
has increased by 50 % fossil fuels currently supply 85% of global primary energy mix oil supplies 37% solar photovoltaic supplies 0.4 |
|
|
geology and coal |
most in west europe and north USA formed 300-350 yrs ago |
|
|
geology and oil/gas |
250 million years ago trapped between porous sandstone |
|
|
energy pathways |
flow of energy from producer to consumer via transport of any mode |
|
|
energy pathways gas piplinss |
gas pipelines require multi and bi latteral agreements companies avoid transit states ie gazprom exports to the eu via the north stream aboiding ukraine |
|
|
oil shipping routes enrrgy pathways |
oil shipping routes take 50% of oil by tankers on fixed shipping routes. they pass through 8 major chokepoints ie 20% of oil gets passed through the strait of hormuz |
|
|
energy pathway disruptions |
military action and piracy between 2009 and 2013 there have been 500 pirate attacks in the strait of malacca. 2016 millitants bombed oil pipelines in Nigeria loosing 300,000 barrels a day |
|
|
disruptions of energy pathways natural hazards |
in 2013 the uk came within 6 hours of running out of gas as pipelines from europe were disrupted by winter storm surges |
|
|
energy pathways disrupted geopoliticle factors |
2006 to 2009 russia shut of gas to ukraine following politicle dispute causing supply disruptions in the EU |
|
|
energy pathways disrupted limited supply |
concerns about peak oil movement of highest ever oil production of this finite resource we reached peak oil in 2006 |
|
|
unconventional fossil fuels |
less accessable coal oil or gas requiring new technologys that are more expensive. but are becoming more economically viable due to rising global market demand |
|
|
deep water oil |
greater risk and costly 2010 deep water horizon disaster the gul of mexico |
|
|
shale gas |
trapped in fissures and pores of sandstone |
|
|
oil shale |
deposits of organic compounds called kerogan in sedimentary rocks that havnt gone through significant pressure and heat to be oi. USA has 77% of all know global reserves. anti fracking protests in blacome uk 2013 stopped fracking here |
|
|
Tar sands |
naturally occuring mixes of sand xlay water and bitumen canada has 73% of know global stocks covering 141,000 km2 open cast minning tar sand and water to sperate birtumen highe pressure steam injection pumps bitumen out not enviromentally frinedly single biggest industrial emmiter of co2 and causes fish near places like alberta to get abbrassions and ski cancer |
|
|
alternative energy resources |
in 2017 the uk managed 24 hrs without coal for the first time since 1880s |
|
|
nuclear power |
nuclear power supplies 14% of global electricity it is produces by fission and radioactive polluyion is arguably lower than green house gass ie 2009 uk approved 10 new nuclear plants hickley point c somerset opening 2025 costung 18 bn producting 7% of uks electricity and lasting 60yrs |
|
|
madagascar |
is loosing 2,000 km2 of natural land annyally to deforestation population has increase 3times since 1950 pressure for developement of cash crops like coffee deforestation causes 15% of global ghg emmisions increasing leaching and rain splash ersoin loosing 4 tonnes per km2 |
|
|
borneo indonesia |
3rd largest green house gass emmiter only 3 % of palm oil is certified sustainable 50,000 organatangs die a year 80% of timber is taken illegally providing 5 b a year |
|
|
reforrestation and afforestation |
can reinstate natural systems ie uk northern forest scheme afforestation scheme for 50 million trees in 25 yrs this improves water quality and reduce flood risk for 190,000 house holds. tackle climate chabge and lock up an estimated 8 million tonnes of carbon |
|
|
nuclear fusion |
+ves could produce safe and cheap energy for 30m yrs -ves test projects have been proven exspensive ie ITER France has already cost £15 bn |
|
|
biofuels |
produced by OM like sugar cane since 2010 there are over 1 bn motar vheicals this is expected to double by 2020 does take land from food production requires lots of water second generation biofules like human and food waste ie eco friendly bus seats 40 and can travel up to 30km on 1 tank supplied from bristol sewage works on bio metjane |
|
|
land use change 2 |
loss of grassland in the prairies america that have seen a biofuel rush since 2007 resulting from us renewable food policy. grasslands coverted to cropland 55,000km2 of grassland lost so far |
|
|
+ves of grassland lost due to bionethane |
reduces soil erosion from us dry summers maintains water and acts as a co2 sink |
|
|
begatives if grasslands |
removal of grass releases co2 soil to atm natural habitats are reduced biofuels are heavy water consumers inc irrigation from aquifers they need nitrogen based fertilisers which inc co2 emmisions |
|
|
marine ecosystem damage |
ocean acidification is increasing due to ff combustion the worlds ocean act as a carbon sink they have absorbed 30% of co2 produced by human activity since 1800s as co2 increase pH decreases. this ocean acidification can cause marine organisms to limit thier caco3 skeletons. caco3 is 40% lower in 2008 than it was in 1975 by 2100 surface ocean waters could be 150% more acidic |
|
|
coral bleaching |
water becomes too warm so the polyps ejects from the symbiotic algea ie australias coral bleaching has gone from 25 to 30 years in 1980d to every 6 yrs bleaching . drainage of colour. coral reefs are food and shelter for 25% of marine organisms |
|
|
forest loss |
palm oil produces 66 millions tonnes per year half is exported to the eu and used as biofuel. |
|
|
palm oil impact on wellbeing |
locals are highly dependant on the rainforest and the indigenous are getting away. in indonesia theres been 700 conflicts in 2016 linked to palm oil |
|
|
protecting the forests |
2011 indo president declared a forest moratorium aimed to reduce deforestation with US $1bn funding from un and norwegiegn gov this has stopped the issueing of permits for primary forest. the moaratorium will help furthered reduce co2 emmisions by 26 % by 2020. illegal logging still remains a problem |
|
|
kuznet curve |
1 2 3 enviromental degradation and economic growth |
|
|
forest recovary |
only higher income countries are expanding forests. between 2010 and 2015 7.6 million hectares of forest were lost 4.3 were gained thats a total loss pf 3.3 m half of loss from the 1990s china aims to increase forest by 23% between 2015 and 2020 and brazil has halfed its deforestation since 2000 |
|
|
consumers and palm oil |
are targetted eith pressure groups like green peace and wwf they raise money for direct action 2016 green peace blocked a palm oil refinary in rotterdam owned by 101 a leading palm oil TNC nestle and unilever have stopped using 101 but it has not changed its practices |
|
|
climate change and the yukon |
yukon is in canada near the artic citcle increasing temps lead to ice melt since 2000 inflows to yukon has increased by 39% total ice area has dec 22% 1998 to 2008 |
|
|
threats to ocean health food |
520 million people depend on fisheries for food and income climate change is killing cold water plankton that north atlantic cod eat artic krill are declinging by 75 % per decade in some south oceans |
|
|
carbon sinks |
sequestration takes decades to respond to changes in ghg they cant keep up with the amount being released |
|
|
Tipping points |
feedback mechanisms may cause a climate tipping point.as it exceeds the threshhold and change becomes irriversable ie drought in amazon basin holds 17% if terrestrial vegatation due to the 400bn trees. when theres drought fires occur releasing co2 thermohaline circulation fresh water ice melt causes surace water to be less dense slowing circulationwhich could make the artic warmer. as ice melts it leaves salt beind increasinb its concentration |
|
|
adaption approaches |
water conservation ie isreal smart irrigation and water landuse planning dont build on flood plains this is low cost and allows natural infiltration resiliant agriculture systems and conservation cropping grows crops no tillage and using fewer fertilisers this can inc yeild and income and improve soil structure solar radiation releasing sulphir which increases albedo of clouds |
|
|
mitigation of climate change |
carbon taxation tax payed by fossil fuels users may change consumers to renewables ie carbon price floor CPF energy efficiency 2014 germany was the most energy efficient country due to policies to reduce energy consumption by 25% and subsidence in manufactoring whilst having a growi g economy reforrestation and afforestation south korea accelerated in forest degradation after ww2 illegal logging a forest rehibilitation scheme reforested 4-6.3 million hectares about 2 thirds is now forested renewable switching ie sweden has fallen in oil use by 75 % to 20% and increased nuclear to 83% carbon capture and storage in depleted aquifers canada aim to reduce emmisions by 90% removing 1 million tonnes a year |
