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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the preferred energy source for the brain and erythrocytes? |
Glucose |
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Glucose is essential in __________________________. |
exercising muscle
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What are the three primary sources of glucose? |
Diet, gluconeogenesis, glycogen degradation |
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As a source of glucose, diet is considered to be.. |
Sporadic - not always reliable source of blood glucose. |
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As a source of glucose, Gluconeogenesis is considered to be.. |
sustained but a slow glucose source
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As a source of glucose, Glycogen degradation is considered to be... |
rapidly mobilizable form
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What are the two main stores of glycogen? |
The muscle and liver |
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How much glycogen can muscles store? |
About 400g: 1% - 2% weight of muscle |
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How much glycogen can the liver store? |
About 100 g: 6-10% weight of liver |
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Glycogen in the muscle is... |
Fuel reserve for ATP synthesis during muscle contraction
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Glycogen in the liver ____________ Blood glucose |
(Maintains)
particularly during early stages of fast |
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Liver glycogen is located in .. |
discrete cytoplasmic granules containing most of enzymes required for synthesis and degradation
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Glycogen synthesis is called .. |
glycogenesis
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Glycogen breakdown is called ..
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glycogenolysis
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Glycogenolysis is a reversal of glycogenesis (True/False) |
False |
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What is required in Glycogenolysis? |
An independent set of enzymes |
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What are the primary degradation products of Glycogenolysis? |
Glucose-1-P and free glucose |
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Breakage of alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds happens in ...
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Glucose-1-P |
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Free glucose is released from.. |
each alpha-1,6 linked glucosyl residue |
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What happens in the shortening of chains? |
Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves
alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds between glucosyl residues at nonreducing end. |
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The removal of branches requires what two debranching enzymes? |
Glucotransferase and Glucosidase
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What does glucotransferase do? |
removes outer 3 of 4 residues on branch and transfer them to nonreducing end of another chain.
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What does glucosidase remove? |
A single residue attached in an alpha-1,6 linkage |
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Glycogenesis is synthesized from.. |
molecules of alpha-D-Glucose
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where does glycogenesis occur? |
In the cytosol |
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Glycogenesis requires energy from .. |
ATP and UTP |
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UDP-glucose consists of.. |
alpha-D-Glu attached to UDP |
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What is source of all glycosyl residues added to growing glycogen molecule?
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Glycogenesis |
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Glycogen phosphorylase regulated both
covalently and allosterically (True/False) |
True |
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Covalent regulation is stimulated by..
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hormones epinephrine and glucagon
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Epinephrine is in the
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muscle and liver
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Glucagon is in the
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liver |
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The addition and removal of a phosphate group in glycogenolysis which regulates glycogen phosphorylase ( a and b) is done via.. |
Glycogen phosphorylase kinase and Glycogen phosphorylase phosphatase
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phosphorylated active form of glycogen
phosphorylase |
Glycogen phosphorylase a
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dephosphorylated inactive form of glycogen phosphorylase
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Glycogen phosphorylase b
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Glycogen synthase is covalently modified by the addition and removal of a phosphate group via
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Glycogen synthase a and b
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Glycogen phosphorylase a is a phosphorylated active form (True/False)
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True |
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Glycogen phosphorylase b is a dephosphorylated inactive form (True/False)
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True |
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Glycogen synthase Dephosphorylated (a)
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is a active form
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Glycogen synthase Phosphorylated (b)
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is a inactive form
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Each form of glycogen synthase is regulated by cellular level of _________.
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cAMP, which in turn is regulated by glucagon
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The down regulation of glycogen synthesis is done by...
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Glucagon
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Upregulation of glycogen synthesis is done by...
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Insulin
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