Carbohydrate Structure And Function

Front 1

these are organized by their number of carbon atoms and functional groups

Back 1

carbohydrates

Front 2

3 carbon sugars

Back 2

trioses

Front 3

4 carbon sugars

Back 3

tetroses

Front 4

sugars with aldehydes as their most oxidized group

Back 4

aldoses

Front 5

sugars with ketones as their most oxidized group

Back 5

ketoses

Front 6

sugars with the highest numbered chiral carbon with the -OH group on the right in Fischer projections are ____ sugars

Back 6

D

Front 7

sugars with the highest numbered chiral carbon with the -OH group on the left in Fischer projections are ____ sugars

Back 7

L

Front 8

D and L forms of the same sugar

Back 8

enantiomers

Front 9

nonsuperimposable configurations of molecules with similar connectivity

Back 9

diastereomers

Front 10

a subtype of diastereomers that differ at exactly one chiral carbon

Back 10

epimers

Front 11

a subtype of diastereomers that differ at the anomeric carbon

Back 11

anomers

Front 12

the ring formation of carbohydrates from their straight chain forms

Back 12

cyclization

Front 13

when rings form, the anomeric carbon can take on what 2 types of conformations?

Back 13

alpha and beta

Front 14

the new chiral center formed in ring closure; it was the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight chain form

Back 14

anomeric carbon

Front 15

these anomers have the -OH on the anomeric carbon trans to the free CH2OH group

Back 15

alpha anomers

Front 16

these anomers have the -OH anomeric carbon cis to the free CH2OH group

Back 16

beta anomers

Front 17

these provide a good way to represent 3 dimensional structure

Back 17

Haworth projections

Front 18

when cyclic compounds shift from one anomeric form to another with the straight chain form as an intermediate

Back 18

mutarotation

Front 19

single carbohydrate units, with glucose as the most commonly observed monomer

Back 19

monosaccharides

Front 20

What 3 main reactions can monosaccharides undergo?

Back 20

oxidation reduction, esterification, and glycoside formation

Front 21

Aldoses can be oxidized to __________ and reduced to ___________.

Back 21

aldonic acids, alditols

Front 22

sugars that can be oxidized

Back 22

reducing sugars

Front 23

sugars with an -H replacing an -OH group

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deoxy sugars

Front 24

when a sugar reacts with a carboxylic acid and their derivatives, forming esters

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esterification

Front 25

the basis for building complex carbohydrates and requires the anomeric to link another sugar

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glycoside formation

Front 26

these form as a result of glycosidic bonding between 2 monosaccharide subunits

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disaccharides

Front 27

list 3 common disaccharides

Back 27

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Front 28

a polysaccharide that is the main structural component for plant cell walls and is a main source of fiber in the human diet

Back 28

cellulose

Front 29

these 2 starches function as a main energy storage form for plants

Back 29

amylose and amylopectin

Front 30

a polysaccharide that functions as a main energy storage for animals

Back 30

glycogen

Front 31

non-identical superimposable images of one another

Back 31

enantiomers

Front 32

number of stereoisomers with common back bone =

Back 32

2^number of chiral carbons

Front 33

How do you determine the rotation (+ or -) of a sugar?

Back 33

experimentally

Front 34

diastereomers that differ in configuration at exactly one chiral center

Back 34

epimers

Front 35

What is the most common electrophile on the MCAT?

Back 35

carbonyl group

Front 36

Due to ring strain, the only cyclic molecules that are stable in solution are what?

Back 36

pyranose and furanose rings

Front 37

ketose sugars are also __________________ and give positive Tollen's and Benedict's tests

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reducing sugars

Front 38

the rearrangement of bonds in a compound, usually by moving a hydrogen forming a double bond

Back 38

tautomerization

Front 39

this reaction forms a phosphate ester

Back 39

phosphorylation