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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gazzaniga
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-The split brain in man
-Can 2 halves of a brain funciton independently? -studied split brained individuals to determine this -Tests for Cognitive Capabilities: 1)Visual abilities 2)Tactile Stimulation 3)Auditory -Intelligence, personaliy, emotional reactions were unchanged, -2 different brains with their own abilities |
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Rosenzweig, Bennett, Diamond
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More Experience=Bigger Brain?
-Rats in stimulating environment develop different brain growth and chemistry -3 groups: lab cage, enriched environment, impoverished environment -Enriched Rats- -heavier and thicker cortex -greater activity of nervous system -larger neurons -greater RNA to DNA ratios -50% larger synapses -weight of cortex increases, rest of brain changes little -Humans - more skill and abilitie=more complex and heavier brains -Mozart Effect |
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Bouchard, Lykken, McGue, Segal, Tellegen
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Are You a Natural- sources of human psychological differences
-Study of twins reared apart or together -Genetic factors account for most human characteristics -Monozygotic twins raised apart grew up to be very similar in appearance, basic psychology and personality -Human characteristics are determined by some combination of genetic and environmental influences -Genetics mold environments -Big 5 characteristics are more genetic -40%personality, 50% intelligence are genetic |
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Gibson and Walk
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Visual Cliff
-Depth perception and avoidance of drop off=biological not experience -very few infants would crawl off cliff -ability of animals to perceive depth develops in relation to when the species needed the skill for survival -cannot be sure if skill is innate because babies were at least 6 months old so had experience -Social Referencing - nonverbal communication used to determine behavior or cues from others -Depth perception is present at birth -Fear of falling and avoidance of danger is learned |
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Turnbull
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What you see is what you've learned
-Pygmies -Perceptual Constancies - ability to perceive distant objects as normal size -Figure-Ground - divide sensations into these -Perceptual constancies are learned from experience and influenced by culture and environment -No definite answer |
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Aserinsky and Kleitman
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REM Sleep and Deprivation
-differentiated between REM and NREM -used sleep awakening and interrogation--discovered that we dream during REM sleep -periods of eye movement associated with dreaming Dement-is REM natural or vital -dream deprivation -REM Rebound-REM deprivation produces excessive REM sleep later to make up for deprivation -All animals go through REM |
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Hobson and McCarley
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Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
-Dreams are nothing more than your attempts to interpret random electrical impulses produced automatically in the brain during REM -Brain stem is periodically activated and produces electrical impulses -it produces meaningless bursts of neural static -dreams are triggered automatically by basic physiological processes and there is no censor distorting true meaning to protect you from unconscious wishes -brain becomes activated during REM and generates its own original info -REM causes dreaming, instead of dreams producing REM |
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Spanos
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Hypnotic Behavior-cognitive, social and psychological perspective
-behavior during hypnosis is voluntary-results from increased motivation -Hypnotists create expectations in subjects and suggests that behavior is involuntary -not an altered state of consciousness -2 reasons people believe it is: 1) Believe behavior is caused by something other than the self which makes it seem like its involuntary 2) Creates expectations, subjec then acts in ways consistent with the expectations -Hypnotic Behaviors-result of highly motivated, goal directed social behavior |
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Pavlov
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Classical Conditioning
-Unconditioned Reflexes-inborn, automatic, require no learning --formed by unconditioned stimulus(UCS) and unconditioned response(UCR) -Conditioned Reflexes-acquire through experience and learning --conditioned stimulus(CS) and conditioned response (CR) -Helps explain behaviors, phobias, taste aversion, source of emotions -Focuses on reflexive behaviors-involuntary |
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Watson and Rayner
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Conidtioned Emotional Responses
-Behaviorism-All behavior is a product of learning -Little Albert-conditioned to fear rat-fear generalized to similar objects -Goals: 1. All behavior stems from learning and conditioning 2. The Freudian concept of psychology was wrong |
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Skinner
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Pigeons
Operant Conditioning -Reinforcers-behaviors repeated --positive-something good is added --negative-something bad taken away -Consequences-behavior less likely to be repeated -If behavior's been reinforced and reinforcement is withdrawn, behavior is less likely to be repeated-Extinction -If behavior is reinforced once in awhile its hard to distinguish because expectation stays high that superstitious behavior might work to gain reinforcer |
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Bandura, Ross, and Ross
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Aggression and Modeling
-Social Learning Theory-learning is primary factor in the development of personality, learning occurs through social interaction -Bobo Doll Study -children exposed to violence immitated exact behavior -How specific behaviors are learned through observation and immitation without any reinforcement |
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Rosenthal and Jacobson
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Teacher's Expectancy-determinants of IQ
-Expectancy Effect-Pygmalian Effect -when teachers expected greater intellectual growth from student, student had greater improvement -Effect very strong in younger children -Self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Gardner
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Multiple Intelligences
-different parts of brain are responsible for different intelligences -8 criteria to be considered a type of intelligence -8 types of intelligence 1. Linguistic 2. Musical 3. Logical-mathematical 4. Spatial 5. Bodily-kinesthetic 6. Interpersonal 7. Intrapersonal 8. Naturalist |
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Tolman
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Cognitive Maps
-learning theorist-Cognitive-Behaviorism -studied internal processes and observable stimuli and responses-internal cognitive processes could be objectivelyt and scientifically inferred from observable behavior -Rats ran mazes: 1. Laten Learning 2. Spatial orientation -Distinguished narrow strip maps and broad comprehensive maps |
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Loftus
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Leading Questions and Eye Witness
-power of presuppositions to alter persons memory -Presupposition-condition that must be true in order for a question to make sense -new info causes original memory to be reconstructed |
