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111 Cards in this Set

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What are the three general sub-regions that Portugal can be divided into based on similar climatic conditions?
The Atlantic, the Mountains and Plains.
Name 3 vibrant, high acid, mineral tinged white grapes of Portugal.
Arinto
Avesso
Sercial
Verdelho
Rabigato
Alvarinho, Bical, Fernão Pires (Maria Gomes), Malvasia Fina and Moscatel fall under what category/style of grapes?
Floral, fruity and soft white grapes.
What is the rich and full bodied noble grape of the white Dão?
Encruzado

This is a remarkably complete grape, capable of high ripeness while retaining high natural acidity. Full and concentrated. Lemon to peach and some tropical. Pronounced minerality. Takes well to oak.
How many DOC's are there in Portugal?
25 for wine and 1 for grape distillates as of 2009.
The Portuguese grape Jaen is known by what other name in Spain and in which region?
Jaen is known as Mencia in Bierzo, Spain.
Describe the climatic conditions of Atlantic Portugal.
Moisture-laden clouds driven by westerly winds drop their rain in these coastal regions before they reach the higher mountainous areas inland.

Atlantic Portugal is therefore ideal for the production of dry, crisp whites and balanced, refined reds. Alcohol is more moderate here (vs rest of Portugal) and acidity levels higher.

Vihno Verde DOC, Ribatejo DOC, Bairrada DOC.
Which is Portugal's largest DOC?
Vinho Verde!

Vinho Verde allows for red white, rosé, and sparkling but almost exclusively known internationally are the whites.
What is the premier sub-region of Vinho Verde and which grape do they use?
Monçao (right on the Spanish border) where the low yielding alvarinho grape reaches its maximum expression.
80% of production in the Bairrada DOC is red which grape is associated with this appellation?
Baga

Baga accounts for 90% of red production in this Atlantic region.
What is the challenge of growing Baga?
Like Nebbiolo, it is a late ripening variety and when not fully mature it can have rasping tannins and searing acidity. Fully mature wines age incredibly well and can be gloriously complex.
Name 5 red/black grapes of Portugal?
Alfrocheiro
Alicante Bouschet
Baga
Castelão
Jaen (Mencia)
Tinta Barroca
Tinta Cão
Tinta Roriz
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Trincadeira
What is Portugal's only DOC devoted exclusively to white wines?
Bucelas DOC (Vinho Regional Lisboa)

At least 75% of which is from the minerally and crisp Arinto grape.

The other permitted varieties are Sercial and Rabo de Ovelha.
Why do the wines of Atlantic Portugal match so well with food?
A tendency towards high natural acidity and moderate alcohol coupled with a less enthusiastic dedication to oaking create an array of food friendly wines.
What foods pair well with a Bairrada DOC wine?
These wines based on Baga have strong savoury quality. They pair well with umami rich foods such as mushrooms and tomato sauce. Additionally they pair well with hard, resinous herbs such as rosemary, thyme and oregano.
Name the DOs of Galicia.
Within Galicia, there are five DOs: Rías Baixas, Ribeiro, Valdeorras, Ribeira Sacra, and Monterrei.
If a wine is labelled “Rías Baixas Albariño” what percentage of blending grapes are allowed?
None. A wine labeled “Rías Baixas Albariño” will not contain any blending grapes.
How many subzones does Rias Baixas have? Name them.
5.Val do Salnés, Ribeira do Ulla, Soutomaior, O Rosal, and Condado do Tea.
If you buy a bottle of Rias Baixas and it has O Rosal or Condado do Tea on the label what will you be getting?
O Rosal and Condado do Tea stipulate a minimum 70% of Albariño and, respectively, either Loureira or Treixadura—the favored white grapes in Portugal’s neighboring Vinho Verde—in any combination.
What is the profile of classic Albarino?
Whether oaked or not, classic Albariño wines tend to show stone fruit and citrus flowers, with the suggestion of bubble gum and an undercurrent of minerality.
What red grapes can you find in Rias Baixas?
Red wines are produced from grapes such as Caiño, Espadeiro and Mencía, but nearly 90% of the vineyard acreage in Rías Baixas is devoted to Albariño.
What kind of wines are produced in Ribeiro DO?
The region produces red and white wines based on Galician varietals—Treixadura is the favored white grape, gradually replacing the neutral, heavier Palomino, and Caiño is preferred for reds.
What is the name of the dried grape wine that is a local specialty in Ribeira?
Viño Tostado.
Where was the birth of Cava?
San Sadurní d’Anoia.
If a wine if labeled "Vino Joven", what can you deduce about its age?
It has been aged less than required for Crianza, so less than 2 years and most likely with no oak treatment.
If a wine if labeled "Crianza", what can you deduce about its age?
Reds: 2 years (including 6 months in cask)
Whites:18 months (including 6 months in cask)
If a wine if labeled "Reserva", what can you deduce about its age?
Reds: 3 years (including 1 year in cask)
Whites: 2 years (including 6 months in cask)
If a wine if labeled "Gran Reserva", what can you deduce about its age?
Reds: 5 years (including 18 months in cask)
4 years (including 6 months in cask)
What do the terms Noble, Añejo & Viejo mean?
They are aging terms that quality wines can also use. Noble: 18 months aging in a cask of less than 600 L or bottle.
Añejo: 24 months aging in a cask of less than 600 L or bottle.
Viejo: 36 months aging, demonstrates marked oxidative character.
When and where was Spain's first DOCa christened?
Rioja DOCa was the first region in Spain to be christened as Denominación de Origen Calificada—in 1991.
What is considered to be the classic style of Rioja?
The classic style is considered to be soft, with muted red fruit, firm acidity and the unmistakable oak aromas of dill, vanilla and cedar.
What is considered to be the modern style of Rioja?
Today a new spectrum of styles emerges from Rioja, as many producers are emphasizing French oak, more extraction, and riper, darker fruit.
If you buy a bottle of Rioja DOCa what kind of wine can you expect?
Tempranillo is the main grape of red Rioja; its traditional blending partners are Mazuelo (Carignan), Graciano, and Garnacha. Together, these four grapes (along with Maturana Tinta, authorized for Rioja in 2007) must comprise a minimum 85% of the red Rioja blend, or 95% if destemmed. “Experimental” grapes such as Monastel or Cabernet Sauvignon may make up the remainder.
What can you expect if you buy a bottle of white Rioja DOCa?
Viura—known elsewhere as Macabéo—is the dominant white grape, followed by Garnacha Blanca, Malvasía Riojano, and Maturana Blanca.

Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, and Verdejo may be used but cannot account for a more than a combined 49% of the blend.
Rioja regulations for aging red wines supersede the standard requirements. What are they?
Red crianza wines require a total two years of aging prior to release, with a minimum year in oak. Red reserva wines are aged for three years, including one year in oak. Gran Reserva red wines must age for at least two years in cask and three years in bottle.
How large are Rioja casks?
Rioja casks must be 225 liters—the size of a barrique.
How long must Rioja whites and Rosado's age?
Crianza and reserva wines age for two years, and gran reserva wines age for four. All three categories require a minimum six months in cask. Whereas producers may age white and rosado crianza wines in a non-oxidative environment like stainless steel, reserva wines must remain in oak or bottle for the the minimum period of aging.
Describe the wine of Rioja Alavesa.
Rioja Alavesa is the smallest, northernmost zone (encroaching on Basque country) and Tempranillo ripens earliest here, often producing vino joven wines for early consumption. Carbonic maceration is frequently employed for such wines.
Describe the wine of Rioja Alta.
Rioja Alta is the southwestern zone, and with its slightly warmer climate the zone is capable of producing classic, ageworthy Tempranillo, Mazuelo and Graciano. Rioja Alta and Rioja Alavesa share a similar soil structure, with a high proportion of calcareous clay.
What grapes perform best in Rioja Baja?
Rioja Baja, the hottest subregion, contains more alluvial soils and ferrous clay. Garnacha performs best in Rioja Baja’s hot climate.
Why do many producers blend grapes from the three subregions of Rioja?
Many producers will source blends from all three subregions to create a base style, combining the freshness of Rioja Alavesa, the extract and alcoholic warmth of Rioja Baja, and the acidity and structure of Rioja Alta.
What was Navarra DO traditionally famous for?
Navarra DO has long been famous for rosado bottlings. Today, however, red wine accounts for approximately 60% of the Navarra’s production, with rosado wines representing only a quarter of the region’s output.
What grapes are allowed in Navarra DO?
Garnacha and Tempranillo are the major red varietals and Viura is the most prominent white varietal, but white grapes account for only about 6% of vineyard acreage. A host of international grapes, including Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Pinot Noir, is also allowed.
Name the 3 estates that recently received DO Pago status in Navarra DO.
1. Señorio de Arínzano and
2. Prado Irache in Tierra Estella, 3. Bodegas Otazu in Valdizarbe.
Name the 5 subregions of Navarra DO.
Navarra contains five subzones: the higher altitude Valdizarbe, Baja Montaña and Tierra Estella in the north, Ribera Alta in the center of the zone, and Ribera Baja in the hot southern sector.
What is the dominant grape of Campo de Borja DO?
Garnacha.
What is the ancestral home of the Mazuelo grape?
Cariñena.
What are the two traditional grapes of Somontano?
Parraleta & Alcañón. Alcañón is a light skinned white wine grape variety which is grown in north-eastern Spain. Under the synonym Viura it is also grown in Rioja and Ribera del Duero, and as Macabeo.
Describe the white wines of Bizkaiko Txakolina DO.
The white wines, made from Ondarrabi zuri, make a perfect compliment to oily seafood, are low in alcohol, high in lemony acidity, and retain a light effervescence.
What region is Bierzo DO in?
Castilla y Leon.
Name some synonyms for Tempranillo.
Tempranillo is known by other names in certain regions. These include:
Aldepenas, Aragones, Aragonêz (Portugal), Aragonez Da Ferra, Aragonez de Elvas, Arganda, Arinto Tinto, Cencibel (Castile La Mancha, Madrid, Aragón, Extremadura, Murcia), Cencibera, Chinchillana (Extremadura), Chinchillano, Chinchilyano, Cupani, Escobera (Extremadura, S. America), Garnacho Foño (S.America), Grenache de Logrono, Jacibiera (Castile La Mancha, S. America), Jacivera, Juan Garcia, Negra de Mesa, Ojo de Liebre, Olho de Lebre, Sensibel, Tempranilla, Tempranillo de la Rioja, Tempranillo de Perralta, Tempranillo de Rioja, Tempranillo de Rioza, Tinta Aragones, Tinta de Santiago, Tinta de Toro, Tinta Do Inacio, Tinta Monteira, Tinta Monteiro, Tinta Roriz (Portugal), Tinta Roriz Da Penajola, Tinta Santiago, Tinto Aragon, Tinto Aragonez, Tinto de la Ribera, Tinto de Madrid (Toledo, Cantabria, Salamanca, Soria, Valladolid, Madrid), Tinto del País (Castile/Leon, Rioja), Tinto de Rioja, Tinto de Toro (Zamora), Tinto del Toro, Tinto Fino (Castile/Leon, Madrid, Valencia, Extremadura, Rioja), Tinto Madrid, Tinto Pais, Tinto Ribiera, Tinto Riojano, Ull de Llebre (Catalan for "Eye of the Hare"), Valdepeñas (also in California), Verdiell (Catalonia), Vid de Aranda (Burgos),[31] Tinta Santiago (S. America) and Tinta Montereiro (S. America).

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What kind of wines can be made under the Ribera del Duero DO?
Ribera del Duero produces reds and a small amount of rosados; whites are not allowed.
What are the main grapes of the Ribera del Duero DO?
Tempranillo, variously known as Tinto del País and Tinto Fino, is the region’s premier grape, alongside Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Malbec, and Garnacha Tinta.
What grape is allowed in Ribera del Duero DO roses for freshness?
The early-ripening white Albillo grape is permitted for freshness in the rosado wines.
Explain the aging requirements in Ribera del Duero DO?
Like Rioja, the requirements for aging categories differ slightly from the normal DO standards: crianza wines must age for two years prior to release (including one year in cask), reserva wines must age for three years prior to release (including one year in cask), and gran reserva wines must age for a minimum two years in cask and three years in bottle, for a total of five years. Rosados and red wines that do not fulfill the minimum aging requirement for crianza are considered vino joven, or young wines.
What can you expect from a white wine labelled Rueda DO?
White wines simply labeled “Rueda” now require a minimum 50% Verdejo, often blended with Viura.
What can you expect from a Rueda DO wine varietally labeled as either Verdejo or Sauvignon Blanc?
In line with the European standard, 85% of the stated grape is required for varietal wines.
What is the dominant grape in red wines from Rueda DO?
Tempranillo.
What percentage of red grapes must rosado wines from Rueda DO have?
Minimum 50%.
What is the dominant grape in a Brut Espumoso wine from Rueda DO?
Verdejo.
What is the dominant grape in Toro DO?
Toro reds require a minimum 75% Tinta de Toro (often 100%).
Describe the whites and rosados of Toro DO.
White wines may be made with Verdejo or Malvasia, and rosados are saignée blends of Tinto de Toro and Garnacha.
What are the dominant grapes of Cigales DO?
The region produces red wines from Garnacha Tinta and Tinto del País, at a combined minimum 85%.
What is Cigales DO particularly known for?
It is particularly noted for its rosado and nuevo (primeur) rosado production.
What DO was added in Spain in 2008?
Arlanza DO, to the east of Cigales and directly north of Ribera del Duero, is one of Spain’s newest DOs, dating to 2008.
What is the name of the soil that characterizes the best vineyard sites in Priorat?
Llicorella, a mix of black slate and quartzite, characterizes the best vineyards.
What are the traditional grapes of Priorat?
Garnacha and Cariñena are the traditional varietals of Priorat.
Name the 5 original "Clos" wines of Priorat?
The five original “Clos” wines of Priorat, are commonly acknowledged as Barbier’s Clos Mogador
Palacios' Clos Dofi,
Clos Erasmus,
Clos de l’Obac, and
Clos Martinet.
What can you expect from the best reds from Priorat DO?
Priorat’s best red wines are usually dominated by Garnacha or blended from Spanish and French varietals, and subject to varying shades of French barrique treatment.
What are the primary grapes of Montsant DO?
Like Priorat, Garnacha and Cariñena are dominant.
What is Tarragona Clásico?
It is a 100% Garnacha fortified wine aged for a minimum of 12 years in oak casks—an expensive proposition for an unpopular style.
Where is most Cava produced?
95% of Cava is produced in the region of Penedès.
What are the main grapes of Penedès DO?
Parellada, Xarel-lo, Macabéo (Macabeu), and Chardonnay.
What is the name of Tempranillo in Penedès DO?
Ull de Llebre.
Who is the biggest competitor to Freixenet?
Today, Codorníu is second in size only to the competing house of Freixenet, the world’s largest producer of sparkling wines.
What Spanish innovations in the production of Cava have had a pronounced influence on Champagne?
The gyropalette originated in Spain, and Champagne has refined its dosage levels to those already in place in the Cava DO.
What grapes are allowed in Cava and which ones comprise the traditional blend?
Parellada, Xarel-lo, Macabeu, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Garnacha Tinta, Monastrell, Trepat, and Malvasia (Subirat). The recommended grapes Macabeu, Xarel-lo and Parellada provide the traditional blend for the wine.
What are the aging requirements for Cava?
Cava wines require less time on the lees than Champagne: nine months for basic bottlings, fifteen months for reserva, and thirty months for gran reserva.
What is unique about the Cava DO?
Cava DO is the only Spanish Denominación de Origen that covers a style, rather than a region. Technically, Spain mapped and delimited the regions of Cava production in order to comply with EU regulations—the region just happened to coincide with the vineyards of many producers throughout Spain who were already making the wine.
What is Alicante DO known for?
Alicante DO is known for dessert wines: a local specialty is Fondillón, a solera-style, oxidative dessert wine produced from overripe Monastrell (Mourvèdre) grapes aged for a minimum of ten years. Unlike Sherry, the famous solera wine of Andalucía, Fondillón is not fortified and it does carry the flavor of wood.
Name the prevalent grape and dominant style of Utiel-Requena DO.
Utiel-Requena DO red wines are primarily produced from the Bobal grape and doble pasta is a traditional style. Doble Pasta red wines are macerated and fermented with twice the normal amount of grape skins and pulp, resulting in a wine of intense concentration, tannin and color.
What is the dominant grape of Jumilla DO?
Monastrell.
What are the dominant grapes of La Mancha?
The principal grapes of the region are Cencibel (Tempranillo) and Airén, which thrive in La Mancha’s hot, dry environment.
If produced as vintage-dated DOP or IGP, Portuguese table wines may be labeled as Garrafeira . What does this term indicate?
Garrafeira (“private wine cellar”), indicates a minimum period of aging prior to release. Tinto (red) Garrafeira wines must age for a minimum 30 months, including at least 12 months in bottle. Branco (white) and rosado Garrafeira wines must age for a minimum 12 months, with at least 6 in bottle.
How many IGP's does Portugal have?
As of 2011, there are fourteen IGPs in Portugal.
What is Caiño Tinto?
Caiño Tinto is a red Galician wine grape variety that is also grown in Portugal's Vinho Verde wine region where it is known as Borraçal. In Spain, it is a permitted variety in the Denominación de Origens (DOs) of Rías Baixas and Ribeiro where it produces highly perfumed wines with noticeable tartness and high acidity.
Describe the vintage Garrafeira Port style.
The vintage Garrafeira Port style as pioneered by Niepoort has a separate connotation: following a few years’ aging in barrels, the Port is matured for a period of at least eight years in glass demijohns.
What does the labelling term Colheita Seleccionada indicate?
Colheita Seleccionada indicates a minimum 1% higher alcohol content than that established by the regional appellation.
Does the term "Reserva" have any meaning in Portugal?
Portuguese table wines of designated origin may be labeled reserva, indicating an alcohol content of at least 0.5% higher than the legal minimum established by the respective DOP or IGP; however, stricter requirements in individual DOPs may supersede this standard. For traditional method sparkling wines, reserva instead indicates a minimum period of 12 months on the lees prior to dégorgement.
What is the most widely planted grape in Portugal?
The most widely grown red casta (“grape varietal”) in Portugal is Castelão, an adaptable varietal producing typically full-bodied, tannic wines with meaty, red-fruit aromas.
What is considered to be Portugal's finest red grape?
Touriga Nacional is perhaps Portugal’s finest red casta. Touriga Nacional, a variety cherished for Port blends, accounts for approximately 10% of the nation’s vineyard acreage, and yields inky, full-bodied, structured wines.
What is Portugal's most planted white grape?
Fernão Pires, known as Maria Gomes in Bairrada, is the most planted white casta in the country. The early-ripening, aromatic grape is found throughout Portugal, but it is concentrated in Bairrada and the southern plains of Tejo. It is a workhorse, producing fairly simple, honeyed wines that are often prone to oxidation and low acidity.
What is the primary white grape of the Alentejano?
The aromatic, tropical Antão Vaz is one of the most important white grapes in Alentejano.
In what region is Vinho Verde?
Minho.
What grapes are authorized in Vinho Verde?
Alvarinho, Trajadura (Treixadura), Loureiro, Avesso and Pedernã (Arinto) are among the handful of white grapes authorized for Vinho Verde. Red and rosato wines, produced from grapes like Espadeiro, Borraçal, Vinhão and Alvarelhão, represent a minority of exports.
Name the DOCs of Duriense.
Porto and Douro.
What grapes are used in Duoro table wines?
The best red wines are usually produced from Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Cão, and Tinta Barroca.
Name 2 white varietals of Douro DOC.
White varietals include Malvasia Fina, Viosinho, Rabigato, and Gouveio.
How do Duoro wines earn the right to use grande reserva?
The IVDP must certify all Douro wines; those that meet reserva criteria and score exceptionally well in blind tasting analysis may use the term grande reserva.
What grapes are characteristic of red wines from Dao DOC?
Recommended red grapes are Touriga Nacional, Jaen, Touriga Franca, Alfrocheiro, Aragonez, Bastardo, Rufete, Trincadeira, and Tinta Cão.
What are the recommended white grapes of Dao DOC?
Recommended white grapes include (but are not limited to) Encruzado, Bical, and Cercial.
What must winemakers do in order to earn the right to label their wines “Bairrada Clássico”.
Winemakers who remain faithful to the native grapes (and provide a minimum 12.5% abv, rather than the 11% required by the DOP) earn the right to label their wines as “Bairrada Clássico”.
What is Lourinhã DOC known for?
Lourinhã produces aguardente rather than wine.
What is special about Colares DOC?
The sandy soils of Colares provided a bulwark against phylloxera incursion, and the vines of the region were traditionally planted in trenches to protect them from the salty marine winds.
What can you expect of a wine from Colares DOC?
Ungrafted Ramisco and Malvasia make up a minimum 80% of Colares’ red and white wines, respectively. A second, harder soil type, chao rija, is located further inland in the Colares DOP. Castelão comprises a minimum 80% of any red wine sourced from chao rija soil.
What is the most prominent grape of Alentejo DOC?
Red wine production in Alentejo exceeds that of whites, and Trincadeira is the region’s most prominent grape.
What, other than its wine production, is Alentejano IGP known for?
Plantations of Quercus suber—cork trees—are widespread through the region.
What are the traditional grapes of Algarve IGP?
Traditional grape varieties in the region include Castelão and Tinta Negra Mole for red wines, and Arinto and Síria for white wines. Algarve’s hot seaside climate is not particularly suited for the production of fine wines, and in any event resort tourism has displaced many of the region’s vineyards.
What is Fernao Pires known as in Bairrada?
Maria Gomez.
What are the Acores best known for?
The fortified white wines of Pico DOP are the most highly regarded wines of the archipelago, yet they are generally consumed locally and viticulture occupies only a sliver of the island. Verdelho, Arinto and Terrantez are authorized for production.
What is the difference between Madeira and Madeirense DOC?
Madeira and Madeirense, cover the fortified and unfortified wines, respectively, of both islands. Madeirense wines may be red, white, or rosado.