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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When were the first vines planted in New Zealand?
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In 1819 by Samuel Marsden.
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How was Romeo Bragato significant to New Zealand's wine industry?
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Romeo Bragato was an Italian viticulturalist who was hired to study the potential of grape growth in New Zeland. His report was very much favourable. noting that Hawkes Bay and Wairarapa were both ideal sites. After becoming the chief government viticulturist in 1902 he immediately imported new rootstock although the chief solution to phylloxera was still the planting of American hybrids. His new ventures were never really supported and he eventually lost control of the TeKauwatha Research Station.
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Around what time did vinifera start to replace hybrids in New Zealand?
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1960.
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When was Marlborough first planted?
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1973.
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Who was the first Kiwi producer to label both grape and vintage on the bottle?
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Montana.
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In what year did New Zealand opt to implement a massive vine-pull-out scheme?
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1986.
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What physical characteristic most defines the North Island of New Zealand?
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It's volcano.
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What physical characteristics most define the South Island of New Zealand?
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The Southern Alps.
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How is New Zealand's climate best described?
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Mild, temperate and maritime.
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Which of New Zealand's islands are warmer?
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The North Island.
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Why are most plantings in New Zealand along the coast?
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To take advantage of the warmer temperatures.
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How are the extremely fertile soils of New Zealand, the product of ancient rainforests, counter balanced through viticultural practices.
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In the 1980s, Dr. Richard Smart undertook extensive research on training, trellising and canopy management to combat issues of fertility and moisture. His studies increased ripeness and decreased vegetal flavuors, laying the foundations for the industry.
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Name the top 5 white grapes of New Zealand.
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Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling, Pinot Gris and Gewurtztraminer.
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Name the top 5 red grapes of New Zealand.
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Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah and Malbec.
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Name the 6 main wine growing regoins of the North Island.
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Northland
Auckland (Waiheke Island is an up and coming subregion) Waikato/Bay of Plenty Gisborne Hawkes Bay Wairarapa (formerly Martinborough) |
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Name the wine growing regions of the South Island.
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Marlborough
Nelson Canterbury Central Otago |
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What are the top three wine producing regions in New Zealand?
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Marlborough, Hawkes Bay and Gisborne.
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Describe New Zealand's appellation system.
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NZ does not really have detailed regulations. As of 2006, the 85% rule applies to grape, vintage and region.
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Who is credited with producing the first wine in NZ?
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James Busby, a British Minister.
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Name the appellations of the North Island.
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1. Northland
2. Aukland (Waiheke Island) 3. Waikato / Bay of Plenty 4. Gisborne 5. Hawkes Bay 6. Martinborough |
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What region of Aukland is gaining momentum as an up and coming subappellation for Bordeaux varietals?
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Waiheke Island.
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When and by who was the first vineyard planted in Australia?
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1788, planted in Sydney by Arthur Philip.
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When did commercial viticulture begin in Australia?
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1820's
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What is the significance of James Busby?
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James Busby (7 February 1801 – 15 July 1871) is widely regarded as the "father" of the Australian wine industry, as he took the first collection of vine stock from Spain and France to Australia.
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Which immigrants brought over vines to Australia?
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Silesians
Dolmatians Swiss |
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In the 1930's what was the majority of Australian wine production?
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Fortified and sweet wines
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When and by who was Grange created by?
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In 1951 by Max Scubert.
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What significant changes occur in the 1970's in Australia?
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- new oak barrels
- Cab Sauv and Chard vineyards develop en masse - boutique wineries - the re-establishment and expansion of vineyards across the cool corner of South Eastern Australia |
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Which are the three most irrigated areas of Australia?
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Murray Darling (Victoria/New South Wales)
Riverland (South Australia) Riverina (New South Wales) |
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What are "The Big 5" in Australian wine industry?
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They control 80% of production
- Southcorp - Beringer Blass - BRL Hardy - Orlando Wyndham - McGuigan Simeon - Casella |
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What is LIP?
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Federal law in Australia developed the "Label Integrity Program" in 1987, and was amended by Geographical Indicators in 1994.
It legally defined wine boundries. 85% rule for grape, vintage and region. |
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What does the “Six o’clock swill” refer to?
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An early closing hour for pubs instituted in both Australia and New Zealand during World War I, lasted until 1967 on the North and South Islands of New Zealand. The early closing time of six o’clock was a move by anti-alcohol forces in the country to return men to their wives at a respectable hour.
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Why was NZ such a late-bloomer in terms of wine production?
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While New Zealand narrowly avoided national prohibition, calls for abstinence imperiled the future of New Zealand’s small industry, as growers planted low quality fruit that could be sold as table grapes if the vote went against them. Furthermore, many of these lower quality grapes were hybrids and thus immune to the ravages of phylloxera—Bragato’s recommendations (to plant on American rootstock) lay forgotten in a climate of hysteria. While hybrids offered relief from phylloxera, New Zealand’s wine industry was setting back its chances to find an international market by decades.
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Which company was the first to establish a commercial vineyard?
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Montana, New Zealand’s largest winemaking company, established Marlborough’s first commercial vineyard in 1973, released the country’s first varietal wine (Gisborne Chardonnay), and produced one of the first Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc wines in 1979.
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Which company put NZ on the map.
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Cloudy Bay Vineyards, launched in 1985, put the region on the map. Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc was something utterly upfront, piercing and pungent; highly intense aromas of passion fruit, jalapeño, ripe grapefruit, and grass filled out Sauvignon Blanc’s racy structure, and the wine became an international sensation.
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What are the climatic differences between the North and South Islands?
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The South Island is the larger of the two landmasses, and is divided along its spine by the Southern Alps—rainclouds moving eastward from the Tasman Sea deposit all of their moisture high in the mountains, resulting in a rain shadow effect for the wine regions of the island. The warmer North Island is less mountainous, and generally much rainier. On the extreme uppermost end of the North Island, Northland’s latitude is comparable to that of Jerez in Spain—although its climate is more often likened to Bordeaux—whereas Central Otago, the southernmost wine region in the world, lies on the 45th parallel. Winemaking regions run along a north-south axis on the eastern coastline of the islands; however, the effect of the ocean mitigates temperature variation and moderates the growing season. Abundant sunshine hours on the South Island aid ripening while the consistently cool nights allow grapes to retain acidity and the zesty character so prized in the country’s whites.
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What is the main difference between Australia and NZ in terms of wine production?
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As in Australia, mechanical harvesting is common—a consistently cheap source of manual labor is difficult to find in the sparsely populated country. Unlike Australia, with its huge irrigated agricultural zones, New Zealand has little land to spare; thus, modern bulk wine production is not economically feasible—there is no New Zealand equivalent to California’s Central Valley or Australia’s Riverland. Producers overall have concentrated on higher price points in the global wine market. In fact, New Zealand wine on average commands a higher price per bottle than any other country in the world.
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What are the laws pertaining to winemaking and viticultural choices?
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Winemaking and viticultural choices are, in general, left to the winemaker’s discretion; as in other New World countries, there are no laws governing enrichment, acidification, pruning, yields, or irrigation techniques.
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What does the “Six o’clock swill” refer to?
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An early closing hour for pubs instituted in both Australia and New Zealand during World War I, lasted until 1967 on the North and South Islands of New Zealand. The early closing time of six o’clock was a move by anti-alcohol forces in the country to return men to their wives at a respectable hour.
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Why was NZ such a late-bloomer in terms of wine production?
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While New Zealand narrowly avoided national prohibition, calls for abstinence imperiled the future of New Zealand’s small industry, as growers planted low quality fruit that could be sold as table grapes if the vote went against them. Furthermore, many of these lower quality grapes were hybrids and thus immune to the ravages of phylloxera—Bragato’s recommendations (to plant on American rootstock) lay forgotten in a climate of hysteria. While hybrids offered relief from phylloxera, New Zealand’s wine industry was setting back its chances to find an international market by decades.
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Which company was the first to establish a commercial vineyard?
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Montana, New Zealand’s largest winemaking company, established Marlborough’s first commercial vineyard in 1973, released the country’s first varietal wine (Gisborne Chardonnay), and produced one of the first Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc wines in 1979.
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Which company put NZ on the map.
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Cloudy Bay Vineyards, launched in 1985, put the region on the map. Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc was something utterly upfront, piercing and pungent; highly intense aromas of passion fruit, jalapeño, ripe grapefruit, and grass filled out Sauvignon Blanc’s racy structure, and the wine became an international sensation.
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What are the climatic differences between the North and South Islands?
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The South Island is the larger of the two landmasses, and is divided along its spine by the Southern Alps—rainclouds moving eastward from the Tasman Sea deposit all of their moisture high in the mountains, resulting in a rain shadow effect for the wine regions of the island. The warmer North Island is less mountainous, and generally much rainier. On the extreme uppermost end of the North Island, Northland’s latitude is comparable to that of Jerez in Spain—although its climate is more often likened to Bordeaux—whereas Central Otago, the southernmost wine region in the world, lies on the 45th parallel. Winemaking regions run along a north-south axis on the eastern coastline of the islands; however, the effect of the ocean mitigates temperature variation and moderates the growing season. Abundant sunshine hours on the South Island aid ripening while the consistently cool nights allow grapes to retain acidity and the zesty character so prized in the country’s whites.
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What is the main difference between Australia and NZ in terms of wine production?
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As in Australia, mechanical harvesting is common—a consistently cheap source of manual labor is difficult to find in the sparsely populated country. Unlike Australia, with its huge irrigated agricultural zones, New Zealand has little land to spare; thus, modern bulk wine production is not economically feasible—there is no New Zealand equivalent to California’s Central Valley or Australia’s Riverland. Producers overall have concentrated on higher price points in the global wine market. In fact, New Zealand wine on average commands a higher price per bottle than any other country in the world.
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What are the laws pertaining to winemaking and viticultural choices?
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Winemaking and viticultural choices are, in general, left to the winemaker’s discretion; as in other New World countries, there are no laws governing enrichment, acidification, pruning, yields, or irrigation techniques.
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What is Auckland notable for?
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In the 1960s Auckland was New Zealand’s largest region but today production is just slightly higher than that of Waikato, representing 2% of the national total. Chardonnay, Merlot, and Cabernet Sauvignon lead in acreage. Premium red blends and varietal wines, especially from the subregions of Kumeu, Waiheke Island and Matakana, are highly regarded. Auckland is the traditional center of the wine business in New Zealand; both Montana (now under the Pernod Ricard NZ umbrella) and Villa Maria are headquartered here.
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What is the driest region of the North Island?
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Hawkes Bay.
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What region produces the most red wine?
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Although Chardonnay is the region’s most planted varietal, Hawkes Bay is New Zealand’s largest producer of red wines, and Merlot is the leading red grape.
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What factors suggest that Hawkes Bay will ultimately be divided into a large number of subregions?
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A range of altitudes, coupled with a diverse and complex pattern of soils, from greywacke gravel to heavy silt to sandy loam, suggests the development of a large number of future subregions. Gimblett Gravels, an area of deep shingle soils, is rapidly establishing a reputation as a source of good Syrah and Bordeaux-style blends, and already appears on a number of labels as a trademarked brand. Other notable subregions include Ngatarawa (known for Merlot), Esk Valley and Dartmoor Valley.
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Which regions of Australia would be categorized as Mediterranean?
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Southern:
- Western Australia - South Australia - Victoria - Tasmania |
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How is the climate of Victoria characterized?
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Extremes in climate:
- cool (coastal and mountains) - hot (inland Murray Darling) |
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What is the Yarra Valley production best known for?
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Sparkling wines and Burgundian- style Pinots
Bordeaux style wines as well, but can be very inconsistent. Make good Chardonnays |
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Which champagne house produces sparkling and still wines in Australia?
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Moet & Chandon
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What is the soil type in the Yarra Valley?
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Loam in the south and red volcanic in the north
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What are the 6 key Geographic Indications (GI's) of Victoria?
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- Murray Darling
- Riverina - Pyrenees - Henty - Heathcote - Mornington Peninsula |
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What are the primary grapes of Tasmania?
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Pinot Noir
Chardonnay |
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What is the style of wine from New South Wales?
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Known for full bodied whites and reds that are generally lower in acid.
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What is Hunter Valley famous for?
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Semillon
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How is Chardonnay characterized from Hunter Valley?
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Tends to be heavily oaked, low acid and full of tropical fruit.
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What claim to fame do Gisborne grapes have?
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Gisborne, also known as Poverty Bay, is overwhelmingly planted with white grapes—the first vines in the world to see the sun each day.
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Which region has the paradoxical status of being both the sunniest and the rainiest in NZ?
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Nelson, the northernmost region on the South Island, is New Zealand’s sunniest wine-producing region. It is also the rainiest region on the South Island.
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What are the most planted grapes in Nelson?
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Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling and Pinot Noir compose over 80% of the region’s vineyard acreage, excelling in the cool climate.
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What is the top producing region?
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Marlborough produces over half of the entire country’s wine, with nearly 10,000 ha of Sauvignon Blanc alone. Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Pinot Gris and Riesling are the next most-planted grapes, although even the combined acreage trails that of Sauvignon Blanc significantly.
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Which company dominates Marlborough?
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Montana, through subsidiary wineries such as Brancott and Fairhall, controls nearly two-thirds of Marlborough’s vineyards, and maintains a solidly high quality despite its reach and size.
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Other than Sauvignon Blanc, what other wine is Marlborough becoming known for?
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The region has also gained a reputation for traditional method sparkling wines, from many of the same producers who made Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc a household name: Cloudy Bay, Kim Crawford, and Hunter’s.
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What factors make Marlborough so conducive to growing Sauvignon Blanc?
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Average maximum summertime temperatures of 75° F are moderated by cool nights, and the dry, lengthy growing season allows grapes to ripen while retaining fresh, crisp character—an asset for both sparkling production and Sauvignon Blanc. Soil in the three major subregions—the northern Wairau Valley, the central Southern Valleys, and the southernmost Awatere Valley—is generally composed of sandy, alluvial loam topsoil over gravel, providing excellent drainage and limiting vine vigor. Some sites are more water-retentive, and induce a more herbaceous character in the final wine.
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True or False:
Hunter Valley was regrafted with the influx of phylloxera. |
False. There has never been any incidences of phylloxera.
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What are the key GI's of New South Wales?
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Mudgee
Orange Murray Darling Riverina Canberra |
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What is the climate of South Australia?
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Mediterranean. Lots of mesoclimates affect wine styles.
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Give 6 of South Australia's key GI's.
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Barossa Valley
Eden Valley Clare Valley Adelaide Hills Coonawarra Mount Benson McLaren Vale Kangaroo Island Langhorne Creek Riverland Padthaway |
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What is Barossa best known for?
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Famous for spicy, tar laden Shiraz.
Chardonnay and Semillon are big, fat and well oaked. |
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What style of vine is prominent throughout Barossa?
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Bush Vine
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What GI was once part of Barossa but is now is delineated as its own GI?
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Eden Valley
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What is Eden Valley best known for?
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Because of its higher elevation and limestone soils, it has become famous for long live Riesling, crisp Chardonnay and elegant Shiraz.
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Which is the coolest region in Australia?
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Adelaide Hills
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Why does McLaren Vale produced less cooked fruit qualities in Shiraz than Barossa Valley?
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Close to the ocean providing moderating factor and good rain to relieve heat stress.
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What is McLaren Vale best known for?
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Shiraz and Cab Sauv
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What is a famous producer in McLaren Vale?
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Clarendon Hills
Chateau Reynella Noon Hamilton d'Areneberg |
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What grapes are planted in Clare Valley?
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Riesling is best.
There are also good Cab Sauv and Shiraz. |
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How is Clare Valley climate characterized?
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Most northerly/further inland, it is a hot climate but tempered by higher altitude. Still very dry.
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Which region in Australia is best known for Cabernet Sauvignon production?
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Coonawarra
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What is Terra Rossa, and which region is best known for this?
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Terra rossa ( Italian for "red soil") is a type of red clay soil produced by the weathering of limestone. When limestone weathers, the clay contained in the rocks is left behind, along with any other non-soluble rock material. Under oxidizing conditions, when the soils are above the water table, iron oxide (rust) forms in the clay. This gives it a characteristic red to orange colour.
Coonawarra is best known for this soil type. |
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What is Riverland best known for?
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It is a large bulk wine region, producing Cab, Malbec and Chard.
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What are the main regions of Western Australia?
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Margaret River
Swan Great Southern Perth Hills Pemberton Geographe |
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What is New Zealand's fastest growing wine region?
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Canterbury is New Zealand’s fastest-growing wine region, due in large part to the success of its northern subregion Waipara Valley. Pinot Noir, Riesling, Chardonnay, and the ubiquitous Sauvignon Blanc are successful here.
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What region is best known for Pinot Noir and why?
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Pinot Noir takes centre stage further south, in Central Otago—the world’s southernmost region, and the country’s highest in altitude. Central Otago is the only region in the country to experience a truly continental climate, with greater seasonal temperature extremes than any of the country’s maritime regions. Diurnal temperature swings are also quite significant, and winemakers take advantage of the sun by planting on northern hillside exposures—southern-facing slopes are often too cool for viticulture. Low humidity prevents rot, but spring frosts are a costly problem and in cooler years winemakers have great difficulty coaxing ripeness from the grapes at all. Pinot Noir emerged as the varietal of choice in this marginal climate in the late 1990s, and as vine age and expertise with the varietal grow, the future for Pinot Noir seems very bright.
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What region is best for growing Sauvignon Blanc on the North Isand and why?
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Wairarapa because it has the greatest diurnal swings.
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Discuss the factors that distinguish the South Island from the North Island.
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In contrast to the hotter and rainier North Island, the South Island has a cooler climate, lighter rainfall because of the rainshadow effect created by the Southern Alps, well drained alluvial soils and hillside vineyards.
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What mountain range protects Marlborough from cold winds.
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The Kaikoura mountain range.
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What is the most southerly wine region in the world?
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Central Otago.
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Name 5 top producers.
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Brancott
Villa Maria Cloudy Bay Delegats (Oyster Bay) Coopers Creek Kim Crawford Nobilo. |
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name 5 boutique producers.
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Craggy Range
Elephant Hill Astrolabe Wines Gladstone Vineyards Ostler Schubert Wines Vinoptima estate Yealands Estate |
