Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
5 functions of bones
|
1. Support
2. Protection 3. Movement/leverage 4. Storage 5. Blood cell formation |
|
|
4 types of bones w/ descriptions
|
1. Long- hollow cavity
2. Flat- ie skull, rib, scapula, pelvis 3. Short- carpal & tarsal bones 4. Irregular- irr shape or has characteristics on more than one type |
|
|
Name 5 components of a long bone
|
1. articular surface
2. articular cartilage 3. epiphysis 4. diaphysis 5. periosteum |
|
|
Name two types of bone
|
1. compact- hard outer layer
2. cancellous- spongy |
|
|
Condyle
|
Lg round articular surface at distal end of long bone (exception: tibia has chondyle at proximal end)
|
|
|
Foramen
|
Hole in a bone, usually to alow for something important to pass through (ex. spine, nerve)
|
|
|
Process
|
any lump, bumb or projection on a bone
|
|
|
Fossa
|
Depression in a bone
|
|
|
Epicondyle
|
projection off condyle
|
|
|
Components of axial skeleton
|
Skull (37-38)
Auditory ossicles (6) Hyoid apparatus Vertebrae (50) Sternum (8 sternabrae) Ribs (13 pair) |
|
|
Components of appendicular skeleton
|
Pectoral girdle (4)
Forelimb (90) Pelvic girdle (2) Hind limbs (96) |
|
|
Type of skull possessed by short-faced dogs
|
brachycephalic
|
|
|
Type of skull possessed by typical dogs
|
mesalicephalic
|
|
|
Type of skull possessed by long-muzzled dogs
|
dolichocephalic
|
|
|
Auditory ossicles bones
|
stapes (stirrup)
malleus (hammer) incis (anvil) |
|
|
1. Part of the axis that inserts into the atlas
2. Purpose of structure |
1. Dens
2. Allows rotation |
|
|
5 Divisions of vertebral column
|
1. Cervical 7
2. Thoracic 13 3. Lumbar 7 4. Sacrum 3 fused 5. Caudal avg 20 |
|
|
Strongest part of the vertebrae
|
body
|
|
|
Purpose of transverse processes
|
sites of muscle attachment, levers to move spine
|
|
|
Intervertebral foramen
|
space for intervertebral disc, nerves
|
|
|
purpose of vertebral foramen
|
spinal cord passes through
|
|
|
Articular process of vertebrae
|
form joints between adjacent vertebrae
between spinous & transverse process |
|
|
Manubrium
|
part of sternum, boney protrusion that sticks out of chest
|
|
|
Xiphoid process
|
part of sternum, extends caudally
|
|
|
2 Bone markings of scapula
|
spine, acromion
|
|
|
3 Bone markings of humerus
|
head, greater & lesser tubercles (proximal)
|
|
|
3 Bone markings of ulna
|
olecranon process- elbow
styloid process- wrist anconeal process |
|
|
2 Bone markings of radius
|
styloid process
radial tuberosity |
|
|
Name the bones of the carpal.
|
radial, ulnar, I to IV, accessory carpal
|
|
|
major joints of thoracic limb
|
shoulder
elbow carpus, aka carpal joint |
|
|
3 Bone markings of pelvis
|
acetabulum
obturator foramen iliac crest |
|
|
2 Bone markings of femur
|
head, greater trochanter
|
|
|
4 Bone markings of tibia
|
lateral & medial chondyle (proximal)
tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus |
|
|
2 Bone markings of fibula
|
head, lateral malleolus
|
|
|
major joints of pelvic limb
|
sacroiliac aka lumbosacral
hip stifle tarsus or hock |
|
|
What produces synovial fluid and where is it located?
|
synovial membrane located in the articular capsule
|
|
|
Name two joints where menisci are found in dogs.
|
stifle
tempomandibular joint |
|
|
What do "cranial" and "caudal" refer to in cruciate ligaments
|
named for where they attach to the tibia
|
|
|
In dogs, when the cruciate ligament tears, where does the femur tend to fall?
|
in front of tibia
|
|
|
Holding a bowl of soup requires which kind and direction of movement at the elbow? What position is this called?
|
Lateral rotation so palms/paw pads face medially
supination |
|
|
What bones make up the tarsus joint (hock)?
|
tibia, fibula, and tarsus
|
|
|
Name the types of joints (general) and give an example of each
|
fibrous (synarthrosis)- skull
cartilagenous (amphiathosis)- intervertebral disks synovial (dianthrosis)- stifle |
|
|
Name two places where you would find symphysis in a dog
|
mandible
pelvis |
|
|
parts of synovial joint (3)
|
articulating bones
articular cartilage articular capsule |
articular
|
|
components of the articular capsule
|
fibrous capsule
synovial membrane joint cavity- filled with synovial fluid |
|
|
Name three purposes of synovial fluid
|
lubrication
providing nutrients protection |
|
|
Definition and purpose of ligaments
|
band of fibrous tissue- provides stabilty
|
|
|
Why is a meniscus found in the stifle joint?
|
the top of the tibia is bumpy and it provides a cushion
|
|
|
Name 6 ligaments in the stifle
|
collateral ligament- medial and lateral
cruiciate ligament- cranial and caudal patellar ligament femopattelar ligament |
|
|
Name 6 common movements allowed by synovial joints
|
flexion
extension abduction adduction rotation circumduction |
|
|
Circumduction: definition and example
|
proximal end of a body part remains stable while the distal end makes a circular motion-
hugging or swatting |
|
|
pronation
|
medial rotation so the paw pads face caudally
|
|
|
Name 4 special movements of the scapula
|
protraction (during adduction)
retraction (during abduction) elevation depression |
|
|
4 factors which naturally limit movement at joints
|
soft tissue
shape and structure of bone muscle arrangement and ligament tension angulation |
|
|
The muscles and ligaments of the stifle limit which kind of movements (generally)?
|
back and forth
side to side |
|
|
Name two places where angulation might limit joint movement
|
shoulder and hip
|
|
|
What is the greatest angle allowed for the scapula and humerous
|
165
|
|
|
Name 4 types of synovial joints and give examples
|
hinge- elbow
gliding- vertebrae pivot- atlas/axis ball & socket- hip |
|
|
What types of movement does a ball & socket joint allow?
|
flexion & extension
adduction and abduction rotation |
|
|
What types of movement does a hinge joint allow?
|
flexion and extension
|
|
|
What is the articular surface?
|
on either end of bone, area covered with articular cartilage
|
|
|
Where to do find an epiphysis?
|
beneath the articular cartilage on both ends
|
|
|
Define epiphysial line.
|
site of bone growth where bone cells add on layers
|
|
|
The growth plate is ________ in young animals and ________ in adulthood.
|
cartilagenous
ossifies/d |
|
|
What is the weakest part of the bone?
|
epiphyseal line/ growth plate
|
|
|
Define periosteum.
|
blood-vessel-rich membrane coving the diaphysis
|
|
|
The periosteum is the place where:
|
tendons and ligaments attach here
|
|
|
Define facet and give an example.
|
flat bone surface that is part of a joint
distal end of radius and ulna |
|
|
Are heads and chondyles processes?
|
Yes, they are processes with a smooth surface.
|
|
|
How many bones make up the skeleton?
|
app. 320
|
|
|
Where is the hyoid apparatus located?
|
under skull, in neck, supports base of tongue
|
|
|
Formula for remembering vertebrae
|
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20
|
|
|
Where is the obturator foramen located and what is its purpose?
|
hole in the pelvic bone that reduced the weight of the pelvis
|
|
|
The transverse process connects to the:
|
connects to the ribs
|
|
|
How many sternal ribs are there?
How do they connect to the sternum |
ribs 1-9
costal cartilage |
|
|
Which ribs are asternal? What differentiates them from sternal ribs?
|
10-12
the costal cartilage attaches to other cc rather than the sternum |
|
|
Which is the floating rib, and where does it end?
|
13, ends in muscle of thoracic wall
|
|
|
Why are the ribs attached with costal cartilage, rather than connect directly to the sternum?
|
cartilage gives more give for expasion of the rib cage when breathing
|
|