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78 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
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5 functions of bones
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement/leverage
4. Storage
5. Blood cell formation
4 types of bones w/ descriptions
1. Long- hollow cavity
2. Flat- ie skull, rib, scapula, pelvis
3. Short- carpal & tarsal bones
4. Irregular- irr shape or has characteristics on more than one type
Name 5 components of a long bone
1. articular surface
2. articular cartilage
3. epiphysis
4. diaphysis
5. periosteum
Name two types of bone
1. compact- hard outer layer
2. cancellous- spongy
Condyle
Lg round articular surface at distal end of long bone (exception: tibia has chondyle at proximal end)
Foramen
Hole in a bone, usually to alow for something important to pass through (ex. spine, nerve)
Process
any lump, bumb or projection on a bone
Fossa
Depression in a bone
Epicondyle
projection off condyle
Components of axial skeleton
Skull (37-38)
Auditory ossicles (6)
Hyoid apparatus
Vertebrae (50)
Sternum (8 sternabrae)
Ribs (13 pair)
Components of appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle (4)
Forelimb (90)
Pelvic girdle (2)
Hind limbs (96)
Type of skull possessed by short-faced dogs
brachycephalic
Type of skull possessed by typical dogs
mesalicephalic
Type of skull possessed by long-muzzled dogs
dolichocephalic
Auditory ossicles bones
stapes (stirrup)
malleus (hammer)
incis (anvil)
1. Part of the axis that inserts into the atlas
2. Purpose of structure
1. Dens
2. Allows rotation
5 Divisions of vertebral column
1. Cervical 7
2. Thoracic 13
3. Lumbar 7
4. Sacrum 3 fused
5. Caudal avg 20
Strongest part of the vertebrae
body
Purpose of transverse processes
sites of muscle attachment, levers to move spine
Intervertebral foramen
space for intervertebral disc, nerves
purpose of vertebral foramen
spinal cord passes through
Articular process of vertebrae
form joints between adjacent vertebrae
between spinous & transverse process
Manubrium
part of sternum, boney protrusion that sticks out of chest
Xiphoid process
part of sternum, extends caudally
2 Bone markings of scapula
spine, acromion
3 Bone markings of humerus
head, greater & lesser tubercles (proximal)
3 Bone markings of ulna
olecranon process- elbow
styloid process- wrist
anconeal process
2 Bone markings of radius
styloid process
radial tuberosity
Name the bones of the carpal.
radial, ulnar, I to IV, accessory carpal
major joints of thoracic limb
shoulder
elbow
carpus, aka carpal joint
3 Bone markings of pelvis
acetabulum
obturator foramen
iliac crest
2 Bone markings of femur
head, greater trochanter
4 Bone markings of tibia
lateral & medial chondyle (proximal)
tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus
2 Bone markings of fibula
head, lateral malleolus
major joints of pelvic limb
sacroiliac aka lumbosacral
hip
stifle
tarsus or hock
What produces synovial fluid and where is it located?
synovial membrane located in the articular capsule
Name two joints where menisci are found in dogs.
stifle
tempomandibular joint
What do "cranial" and "caudal" refer to in cruciate ligaments
named for where they attach to the tibia
In dogs, when the cruciate ligament tears, where does the femur tend to fall?
in front of tibia
Holding a bowl of soup requires which kind and direction of movement at the elbow? What position is this called?
Lateral rotation so palms/paw pads face medially

supination
What bones make up the tarsus joint (hock)?
tibia, fibula, and tarsus
Name the types of joints (general) and give an example of each
fibrous (synarthrosis)- skull
cartilagenous (amphiathosis)- intervertebral disks
synovial (dianthrosis)- stifle
Name two places where you would find symphysis in a dog
mandible
pelvis
parts of synovial joint (3)
articulating bones
articular cartilage
articular capsule
articular
components of the articular capsule
fibrous capsule
synovial membrane
joint cavity- filled with synovial fluid
Name three purposes of synovial fluid
lubrication
providing nutrients
protection
Definition and purpose of ligaments
band of fibrous tissue- provides stabilty
Why is a meniscus found in the stifle joint?
the top of the tibia is bumpy and it provides a cushion
Name 6 ligaments in the stifle
collateral ligament- medial and lateral
cruiciate ligament- cranial and caudal
patellar ligament
femopattelar ligament
Name 6 common movements allowed by synovial joints
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
rotation
circumduction
Circumduction: definition and example
proximal end of a body part remains stable while the distal end makes a circular motion-
hugging or swatting
pronation
medial rotation so the paw pads face caudally
Name 4 special movements of the scapula
protraction (during adduction)
retraction (during abduction)
elevation
depression
4 factors which naturally limit movement at joints
soft tissue
shape and structure of bone
muscle arrangement and ligament tension
angulation
The muscles and ligaments of the stifle limit which kind of movements (generally)?
back and forth
side to side
Name two places where angulation might limit joint movement
shoulder and hip
What is the greatest angle allowed for the scapula and humerous
165
Name 4 types of synovial joints and give examples
hinge- elbow
gliding- vertebrae
pivot- atlas/axis
ball & socket- hip
What types of movement does a ball & socket joint allow?
flexion & extension
adduction and abduction
rotation
What types of movement does a hinge joint allow?
flexion and extension
What is the articular surface?
on either end of bone, area covered with articular cartilage
Where to do find an epiphysis?
beneath the articular cartilage on both ends
Define epiphysial line.
site of bone growth where bone cells add on layers
The growth plate is ________ in young animals and ________ in adulthood.
cartilagenous
ossifies/d
What is the weakest part of the bone?
epiphyseal line/ growth plate
Define periosteum.
blood-vessel-rich membrane coving the diaphysis
The periosteum is the place where:
tendons and ligaments attach here
Define facet and give an example.
flat bone surface that is part of a joint
distal end of radius and ulna
Are heads and chondyles processes?
Yes, they are processes with a smooth surface.
How many bones make up the skeleton?
app. 320
Where is the hyoid apparatus located?
under skull, in neck, supports base of tongue
Formula for remembering vertebrae
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20
Where is the obturator foramen located and what is its purpose?
hole in the pelvic bone that reduced the weight of the pelvis
The transverse process connects to the:
connects to the ribs
How many sternal ribs are there?
How do they connect to the sternum
ribs 1-9
costal cartilage
Which ribs are asternal? What differentiates them from sternal ribs?
10-12
the costal cartilage attaches to other cc rather than the sternum
Which is the floating rib, and where does it end?
13, ends in muscle of thoracic wall
Why are the ribs attached with costal cartilage, rather than connect directly to the sternum?
cartilage gives more give for expasion of the rib cage when breathing