Canine Gross Anatomy (Exam 1)

Front 1

2 main tools used for diagnosis

Back 1

eyes and hands

Front 2

4 body regions of the thoracic limb

Back 2

thoracic girdle (scapular region)
brachium (arm)
antebrachium (forearm)
manus

Front 3

3 sub-regions of the manus

Back 3

carpus
metacarpus
digits

Front 4

4 body regions of the pelvic limb

Back 4

pelvic girdle (rump)
thigh
crus (leg)
res

Front 5

2 types of bone functions

Back 5

1. physical (structural support, protection)

2. metabolic (mineral reservoirs)

Front 6

2 characteristics used to classify bones

Back 6

location and shape

Front 7

2 types of bone locations

Back 7

1. axial skeleton -associated with central axis of body (ribs, spine)

2. appendicular- associated with appendages (thoracic limb)

Front 8

articulation (def)

Back 8

where 2 or more bones come together (joint)

Front 9

3 types of joints

Back 9

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

Front 10

which joints display mobility?

Back 10

synovial

Front 11

3 types of fibrous joints and an example of each

Back 11

1. suture (skull)
2. gomphosis (tooth and bone)
3. syndesmosis (b/t carpal bones)

Front 12

2 types of cartilaginous joints and an example of each

Back 12

1. symphysis (pelvic)
2. synchondrosis (sacroiliac)

Front 13

why are synovial joints thin?

Back 13

avascular (get nutrition and O2 via simple diffusion)

Front 14

3 functions of synovial fluid

Back 14

lubricant
carries nutrients and O2 to cartilage
resorbs waste produced by cartilage

Front 15

4 joints of the thoracic limb

Back 15

humeral (shoulder)
cubital (elbow)
carpal
digital

Front 16

4 joints of the pelvic limb

Back 16

coxal (hip)
genual (stifle)
tarsal
digital

Front 17

6 intertarsal joints (proximal to distal)

Back 17

tarsocrural
talocalcaneal
talocalcaneocentral
calcaneoquartal
centrodistal
tarsometatarsal

Front 18

3 carpal joints (proximal to distal)

Back 18

antebrachial carpal
middle carpal
carpometacarpal

Front 19

3 digital joints of manus (proximal to distal)

Back 19

metacarpal phalangeal
proximal interphalangeal
distal interphalangeal

Front 20

bursae (def)

Back 20

small, flat sac of synovial fluid between bone and muscle

Front 21

tendon sheath (def)

Back 21

fluid sac that completely surrounds tendon (keeps it in groove)

Front 22

where do you cut tendon sheath? opposite of what part? why?

Back 22

cut opposite of mesotendon. mesotendon will keep it attached to muscle

Front 23

2 functions of sessamoid bones

Back 23

lubricate and reduce friction
redirect force of joints

Front 24

6 muscle groups of thoracic limb

Back 24

lateral shoulder
medial shoulder
cranial brachium
caudal brachium
craniolateral antebrachium
caudolateral antebrachium

Front 25

6 caudomedial antebrachium muscles

Back 25

flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
superficial digital flexor
deep digital flexor
pronator teres/quadratus

Front 26

common ACTION of caudomedial antebrachial mucles

Back 26

flex carpal and digital joints

Front 27

common ORIGIN of caudomedial antebrachial muscles

Back 27

medial epicondyle of humerus

Front 28

7 craniolateral antebrachial muscles

Back 28

abductor pollicus longus
supinator
extensor carpi radialis
common digital extensor
lateral digital extensor
ulnaris lateralis
bracioradialis

Front 29

common ACTION of craniolateral antebrachial muscles

Back 29

extend carpal and digital joints

Front 30

common ORIGIN of craniolateral antebrachial muscles

Back 30

lateral epicondyle of humerus

Front 31

3 caudal muscles of brachium

Back 31

triceps brachii
tensor fasciae antebrachii
anconeus

Front 32

common ACTION of caudal muscles of the brachium

Back 32

extend elbow joint

Front 33

common INSERTION of caudal muscles of brachium

Back 33

tuber olecrani

Front 34

2 cranial muscles of brachium

Back 34

biceps brachii
brachialis

Front 35

common ACTION of cranial brachium muscles

Back 35

flex elbow joint

Front 36

common INSERTION of cranial brachium muscles

Back 36

proximal and medial aspects of the radius and ulna

Front 37

3 medial muscles of the shoulder

Back 37

subscapularis
teres major
coracobracialis

Front 38

common ACTION of medial shoulder muscles

Back 38

1. adduct limb at shoulder joint
2. medial collateral ligament of shoulder joint

Front 39

4 lateral shoulder muscles

Back 39

infraspinatous
supraspinatous
deltoideous
teres minor

Front 40

common ACTION of lateral shoulder muscles

Back 40

flex shoulder joint

Front 41

common INSERTION of infraspinatous and supraspinatus

Back 41

greater tubercle of humerus

Front 42

8 extrinsic muscles of thoracic limb

Back 42

superficial pectoral
deep pectoral
brachiocephalicus
omotransversarius
trapezius
rhomboideus
serratus ventralis
latissimus dorsi

Front 43

3 caudal thigh muscles

Back 43

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

Front 44

common ACTION of caudal thigh muscles

Back 44

extend hip joint

Front 45

common ORIGIN of caudal thigh muscles

Back 45

ischiatic tuberosity

Front 46

4 medial muscles of thigh

Back 46

sartorius
gracilis
pectineus
adductor

Front 47

common ACTION of medial thigh muscles

Back 47

adduct pelvic limb

Front 48

5 classes of bones and example of each

Back 48

1. long (femur)
2. short (wrist)
3. sessamoid (patella)
4. flat (skull)
5. irregular (hip)

Front 49

x-ray vs radiograph (def)

Back 49

x-ray = form of electromagnetic radiation capable of penetrating objects

radiograph = 2D image of a 3D object created when x-rays pass through the object

Front 50

5 radiographic opacities (greatest to least)

Back 50

metal
mineral (bone)
soft tissue
fat
air (gas)

Front 51

5 lateral muscles of the pelvis (rump muscles)

Back 51

tensor fasciae latae
superficial gluteal
middle gluteal
piriformis
deep gluteal

Front 52

5 parts of the joint capsule (outside in)

Back 52

ligament
fibrous membrane
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
articular cartilage

Front 53

where is the popliteal lymph node?

Back 53

between medial border of biceps femoris and lateral border of semitendinosis

Front 54

5 muscles that contribute to the common calcanean tendon

Back 54

gastrocnemius
superficial digital flexor
biceps femoris
semitendinosis
gracilis

Front 55

surroundings of the femoral triangle

Back 55

proximal: abdominal wall
cranial: sartorius
caudal: pectineus

Front 56

what holds muscle tendons in place?

Back 56

retinaculum

Front 57

common INSERTION of caudal thigh muscles

Back 57

proximal tibia

Front 58

common INSERTION of sartorius and gracilis

Back 58

medial aspect of the genual (stifle) region

Front 59

which joints allow rotary movement in thoracic limb?

Back 59

radioulnar joints

Front 60

2 types of joints found in the pevis

Back 60

symphisis (fuses with age)
synchrondrosis

Front 61

which joints don't have ligaments?
what do they have instead?

Back 61

shoulder and hip joints
use muscles as collateral ligaments

Front 62

3 types of muscle attachments

Back 62

tendon (cord or band)
aponeurosis (broad flat sheet)
fleshy (can't see with naked eye, ex: serratis ventralis)

Front 63

2 key problems with genual (stifle) joint

Back 63

1. incongruency (articulations don't fit well)
2. instability between femur and tibia in 3 axes

Front 64

2 functions of menisci

Back 64

establish congruency
shock absorption

Front 65

which meniscus is attached to a ligament?

Back 65

medial meniscus is attached to the medio lateral collateral ligament

Front 66

what allows the deep digital flexor to come all the way to the proximal digit and become superficial?

Back 66

flexor retinaculum

Front 67

3 annular ligaments of the manus (proximal to distal)

Back 67

palmar annular ligament
proximal annular ligament
distal annular ligament

Front 68

how would entire thoracic limb be removed?

Back 68

cut all extrinsic muscles at their insertions

Front 69

which thoracic limb mucles attach to the skull?

Back 69

rhomboideus (occipital bone)
brachiocephalicus (occipital bone)

Front 70

common ACTION of sternohyiodeus and sternothyroidues

Back 70

pull tongue and larynx caudally