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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Thinking of blood as a connective tissue, what is its ground substance, cells, and fibers?
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Ground substance: plasma
Cells: red & white cells, thrombocytes Fibers: plasma proteins |
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Blood comprises ______% of body weight.
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7%
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The "formed elements" of blood refer to
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Red blood cells, WBC, platelets
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Name three functions of blood.
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1) Transports O2, nutrients, enzymes, waste, hormones
2) Regulates temp, pH, and fluid volume 3) Protection: prevents blood loss through clotting factors, WBCs protect against infection |
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Fluid volume equals:
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Intake minus excretion
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How do the kidneys assist in fluid homeostasis and blood pressure regulation?
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help control sodium and fluid levels
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Plasma makes up ___% of whole blood and is comprised of 10% _______ and 90% _____.
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55% of whole blood
10% solutes, 90% water |
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Formed elements make up ____% of whole blood. Name three formed elements.
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45% of whole blood
red blood cells white blood cells platelets |
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Name the function of red blood cells
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carry gases
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what molecule allows red blood cells to perform their function?
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hemoglobin
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Red blood cells are unusual cells in that they:
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have no nucleus
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The average lifespan of red blood cells is
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lifespan of 110 days
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Give another name for white blood cells and name their function
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leukocytes, fight infection
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Give another name for platelets and name their function
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thrombocytes
protection- prevent blood loss by coagulation |
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How do thrombocytes prevent blood loss?
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attach to lining of blood vessels and release clotting factors
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How many clotting factors are there?
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12
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Describe the location of the heart in canines.
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between lungs, surrounded by serosa
mediastinum between 3rd to 6th rib |
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Define pericardium
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double layered serous membrane covering the heart
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Name the layers of the pericardium
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fibrous- outer
serous- inner they are fused |
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Name the inner layer of the pericardium and give its function
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serous- produces fluid to lubricate heart as it contracts & relaxes
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Name the three layers of the heart wall and what they are made of.
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epicardium- visceral serosa
myocardium- muscle endocardium- internal lining of epithelium |
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synonym for atria
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auricles
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AV valves refers to
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right and L atrioventricular valves
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systole
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contraction phase of the heart
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diastole
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relaxation phase of the heart
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stroke volume
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amt of blood pumped by ventricle during contraction
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oxygenated blood goes first to
a) the body b) the heart |
b) the heart
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coronary circulation
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blood supply to the heart itself
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intrinsic conduction system
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electrical system of the heart that allows the heart to be self-excitable
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auscultation
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heart sounds
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arteries carry blood (to/away from) the heart
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carry blood away from the heart
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veins carry blood (to/away from) the heart
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carry blood back to the heart
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arterioles
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small arteries
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venules
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small veins
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capillaries allow ________ ________
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allow nutrient exchange
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define blood pressure
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pressure of blood as it is forced agains tthe walls of the arteries with each ventricular contraction
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define pulse
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heart beats per minute
aka heart rate |
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most common place to monitor pulse
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femoral artery
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ischemia
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decreased blood flow
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avascular
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lack of blood supply
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Give two examples of avascular tissue
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epidermis
cartilage |
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venous return
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venous blood flow back to heart
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Name two ways massage increases blood circulation/ reduces ischemia
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1) deep stroking mechanically assists venous return
2) temporarily increases systolic stroke volume |
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How does massage decrease the heart rate and blood pressure?
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heart rate through decreased stim of the sympathetic nervous system
BP temporarily decreased by dilation of capillaries |
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What benefit of massage is delivered by increasing blood circulation?
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improved delivery and removal of products in the blood
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Name two effects of massage on the formed elements of blood
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increases the # of functional RBCs
increases # of thrombocytes |
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Name 5 types of leukocytes
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1) neutrophil- phagocytes
2) monocyte- become macrophages 3) eosinophil- shut down allergic and parasitic response 4)lymphocyte- produce antibodies; acquired immune response 5) basophil- initiate allergic reactions |
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What is the most abundant leukocyte in dogs, cats and horses?
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neutrophils
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Which leukocyte is considered the first line of defense?
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neutrophils
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Which leukocyte produces histamine and heparin
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produced by basophils
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The function of basophils is
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causes inflamation in allergic responses
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If a dog has high eosinophils and basophils, suspect:
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heartworm is common when these cells are elevated
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What is the most common leukocyte in ruminants and pigs?
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lymphocytes
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Name two phagocytic leukocytes
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neturophil, monocyte (as a macrophage)
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phagocytic
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type of cell that engulfs another cell or debris
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neutrophils phagocytize:
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viruses and bacteria
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the sounds we call heart beats are caused by
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closing of various valves in the heart
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which is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood?
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pulmonic veins
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Which are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood?
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pulmonic arteries
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what causes heart valves to open and close?
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increased blood pressure in the heart cavities
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The pulmonic veins take blood from the ____ to the _____.
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take blood from lungs to heart
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The pulmonic arteries take blood from the ______ to the _______.
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carry blood from the heart to lungs.
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The aorta takes blood from the ______ to the _______.
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carries blood from the heart to the system
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The cranial and caudal vena cavae take blood from the ______ to the _______.
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carry blood from the sytem to the heart
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The pulmonic veins empty into the ____ side of the heart, which pumps blood to the ______.
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Left side of heart, to the system
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The cranial and caudal vena cavae empty into the ____ side of the heart, which pumps blood to the ______.
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right, to the the lungs
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The AV valves operate between the ______ and the _____.
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between the auricles/ atria and the ventricles
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The Pulmonic valve operates between the ______ and the _____.
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between the right ventricle and the pulmonic arteries to the lungs
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The aortic valve operates between the ______ and the _____.
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between the left ventricle and the aorta to the system
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