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299 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Generally age is the greatest RF for cancer bc...
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as we age, we lose the ability to methylate (mute) bad genes
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simultaneous hypertrophy and hyperplasia is seen in (3)
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BPH, uterus, breasts
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What types of tissue can undergo hyertrophy?
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skel musc, glandular organs
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What types of tissue can undergo atrophy?
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skel musc, glandular organs
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what types of tissue can undergo hyperplasia?
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glandular organs ONLY
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What do we screen for?
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dysplasia (the first stage of cancer, and the last stage of cancer that is reversible)
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Greatest difference bw benign and malignant masses?
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b9: obeys physio (ex: menorrhagia)
malignant: does NOT obey physio (ex: metorrhagia) |
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sites where MC cancer is a met
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brain
bone liver lung pericardium adrenal (bc these organs have the most blood supply) |
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MC mass in any glandular tissue
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cyst
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MC mass on any mucosal surface
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polyp
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Hamartoma:
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abnl growth of nl tissue (polyp)
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Christoma:
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abnl location of nl tissue (Meckles, endometriosis)
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Cancers that are named wrong
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Hepatoma
Seminoma Lymphoma Teratoma Mesothelioma Retinoblastoma Neuroblastoma Nephroblastoma Melanoma Gliobastroma multiforme ****these are really cancers (sarcomas and carcinomas) |
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Which type of cancer is worse a carcinoma or a sarcoma?
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sarcoma
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MC intracranial tumor
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meningioma
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MC cancer in brain
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met
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MC primary brain tumor
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Astrocytoma
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rosenthal fibers
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Astrocytoma
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kid with occipital HA
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Astrocytoma
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monocular blindness
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Glioma
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fried egg appearance
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oligodendroglioma (& Hairy cell leukemia)
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rosettes
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ependymoma
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hearing loss
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schwanomma
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cerebelo-pontine angle
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schwanomma
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any time you have a brain tumor, worry about ...
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neurocutaneous syndromes
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all neurocutaneous syndromes have 5 things
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1) MR
2) seizures 3) cerebral calcifications 4) tumor or cancers assoc 5) different cutaneous findings |
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Neurocutaneous synd assoc with
port wine stain |
sturge-weber
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Neurocutaneous synd assoc with
angioma of brain |
sturge-weber
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Neurocutaneous synd assoc with
angioma of retina |
sturge-weber
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Neurocutaneous synd assoc with
ashen leaf spot |
tuberous sclerosis
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Neurocutaneous synd assoc with
Rhabomyoma/ RhabdomyoSARCOMA of heart |
tuberous sclerosis
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Neurocutaneous synd assoc with
renal cell carcinoma |
tuberous sclerosis
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Neurocutaneous synd assoc with
woods lamp |
tuberous sclerosis
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MC primary brain cancer
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astrocytoma grade 4 = glioblastoma multiforme
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usually found at grey-white matter junction
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mets to brain
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brain caner that causes
hemorrhage and necrosis |
glioblastoma multiforme
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MC tumor in any glandular tissue=
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adenoma
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MC tumor in any mesenchymal tissue=
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fibroma
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are tumor functional or not?
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can be functional or nonfunctional
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MC pituitary tumor
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pit adenoma
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Neurocutaneous synd assoc with
Rhabomyoma/ RhabdomyoSARCOMA of heart |
tuberous sclerosis
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Neurocutaneous synd assoc with
renal cell carcinoma |
tuberous sclerosis
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Neurocutaneous synd assoc with
woods lamp |
tuberous sclerosis
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MC primary brain cancer
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astrocytoma grade 4 = glioblastoma multiforme
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usually found at grey-white matter junction
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mets to brain
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brain caner that causes
hemorrhage and necrosis |
glioblastoma multiforme
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MC tumor in any glandular tissue=
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adenoma
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MC tumor in any mesenchymal tissue=
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fibroma
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are tumor functional or not?
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can be functional or nonfunctional
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MC pituitary tumor
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pit adenoma
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MC pituitary cancer
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adenocarcinoma
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MC pineal tumor
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pineal adenoma
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MC pineal cancer
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pineal adenocarcinoma
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2 posterior fossa tumors
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1) medulloblastoma
2) craniopharyngioma |
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Posterior fossa tumors present with
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early morning vomiting bc rub up on chemotactic trigger zone
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MC tumor in anterior mediastinum
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thymoma (followed y thyroid, T cell leuk/lymphoma, teratoma)
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MC tumor in middle mediastinum
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pericardial
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MC tumor in posterior mediastinum
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Neuroma
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MC cancer of posterior mediastinum
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Neuroblastoma
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Neuroblastoma in adults seen where?
kids? |
adults: posterior mediastinum
kids: abdomen (from adrenal medulla) |
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neoplasm of adrenal medulla in kids is called....
adults... |
kinds= neuroblastoma
adults= pheochromocytoma |
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hypsarrythmia, opsoclonus (dancing eyes and dancing feet)
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neuroblastoma in kids
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in kids, abdominal mass that crosses midline
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neuroblastoma
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in kids, abdominal mass that DOES NOT cross midline
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Wilms tumor (which is really a cancer)
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brain cancer that crosses midline
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glioblastoma multiforme (butterfly) (its really a cancer)
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Types of cancers which we always remove bc we cant tell whether they're b9 or malignant under microscope
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1) neural crest cancers
2) follicular carcinoma of thyroid |
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define teratoma
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contains all 3 cell lines (but likes ectoderm the best)
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Name
2 T cell lymphomas 1 T cel leukemia these guys metastesize to |
lymphomas: mycosis fungoides-->sezary syndrome
leukemia: Hairy cell these guys metastesize to anterior mediastinum |
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MC thymus tumor
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thymoma
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MC thymus cancer
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thymus adenocarcinoma
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pleuripotent mass=
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thymoma
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Thymoma assoc w all autoimmune disease except
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Graves disease
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Dx'd with Myasthenia gravis. Next step in mgmt:
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neck CT or chest x-ray (look for thymoma)
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MC thyroid mass
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thyroglossal cyst (midline, from foramen cecum)
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MC thyroid tumor
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follicular adenoma
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MC thyroid cancer
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papillary carcinoma
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MC parathyroid tumor
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parathyroid adenoma
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MCC of isolated high calcium
Rx: |
parathyroid adenoma
Rx: nl saline (to dilute) |
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another name for MEN1 synd
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Wermer's
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another name for MEN2 synd
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Sipple's
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Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (which is not the MC thyroid cancer) originates from what part of the thyroid
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parafollicular gland
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MC endocardial tumor
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myxoma (usually in L. atrium)
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MC endocardial cacer
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angiosarcoma
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MC myocardial tumor
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rhabdomyoma
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MC myocardial cancer
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rhabdomyoSARCOMA
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when rhabdomyoSARCOMA does not present with tuberous sclerosis, what age group do we MC see it in?
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< 3y/o
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which layer of hear is hardly ever involved in neoplasia
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epicardium
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MC tumor pericardiun
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fibroma
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MC cancer of pericardium
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metastases
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MC lung mass in children
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hamartoma
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MC lung mass in adults
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granulomas
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MC lung tumor
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adenoma
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MC cancer in lung
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mets
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MC intrathoracic cancer
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squamous cell CA
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MC primary lung cancer
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bronchogenic adenoCA
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where does bronchogenic adenoCA begin
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where smoke settles (terminal bronchioles)
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name the central lung cancers
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1) squamous cell
2) small cell |
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name the peripheral lung cancers
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1) bronchogenic adenocarcinoma
2) bronchoalveolar adenocarcinoma |
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which, central or peripheral are more known to compress nerves and vessels?
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central
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which central lung cancer is assoc w horners syndrome
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Sq cell carcinoma
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which central lung cancer is assoc with superior vena cava syndrome?
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small cell lung cancer
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triad of horners syndrome
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1) myosis
2) ptosis 3) anydrosis |
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triad of superior vena cava syndrome
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1) facial edema
2) dyspnea 3) JVD |
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Rx for squamous cell carcinoma
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cut out as much as possible, chemo the rest
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Rx for small cell carcinoma
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Etoposide, Cisplatin
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Rx for Superior vena cave syd
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emergent radiation
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what is the only lung cancer not assoc with smoking?
whats it assoc w? |
bronchoalveolar carcinoma
(assoc w pneumoconiosis) |
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All of pneumoconiosis inc risk of lung cancer EXCEPT
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anthracosis
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which central lung cancer is assoc with superior vena cava syndrome?
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small cell lung cancer
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so we only cut out which type of lung cancer?
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squamous cell (chemo what you cant cut out)
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triad of horners syndrome
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1) myosis
2) ptosis 3) anydrosis |
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Criteria for cutting out squamous cell cancer of lung
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1) < 2 cm
2) V/Q mismatch |
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triad of superior vena cava syndrome
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1) facial edema
2) dyspnea 3) JVD |
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Rx for squamous cell carcinoma
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cut out as much as possible, chemo the rest
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Rx for small cell carcinoma
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Etoposide, Cisplatin
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Rx for Superior vena cave syd
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emergent radiation
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what is the only lung cancer not assoc with smoking?
whats it assoc w? |
bronchoalveolar carcinoma
(assoc w pneumoconiosis) |
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All of pneumoconiosis inc risk of lung cancer EXCEPT
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anthracosis
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so we only cut out which type of lung cancer?
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squamous cell (chemo what you cant cut out)
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Criteria for cutting out squamous cell cancer of lung
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1) < 2 cm
2) V/Q mismatch |
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MC pleural cavity tumor
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mesothelioma (30% of mesothelioma is b9)
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MC pleural cavity cancer
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mesothelioma (70% of mesothelioma is malignant)
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RF for mesothelioma
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asbestos fibers
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ferruginous bodies
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mesothelioma
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MC mass of nasopharynx
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polyp
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with nasal polyps you must r/o:
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1) CF
2) aspirin allergy |
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MC nasopharynx tumor
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fibroma
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MC nasopharyx cancer
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nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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EBV assoc with which cancer
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nasopharyngeal carcinoma and burkitts lymphoma
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why do we remove a nasal angiobifroma?
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perforates septum
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what part of body is MC tumor a leiyomyoma?
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esophagus to anus (and all it feeds into)
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MC tumor of esophagus
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leiymyoma
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MC cancer of esophagus
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squamous cel CA = adenocarcinoma
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MC tumor of stomach:
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leiyomyoma
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MC cancer of stomach
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adenocarcinoma
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MC tumor of duodenum
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leiyomyoma
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MC tumor of jejunum
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leiyomyoma
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MC tumor of ileum
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leiyomyoma
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MC cancer of duodenum
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adenocarcinoma
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MC cancer of jejunum
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adenocarcinoma
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MC cancer of ileum
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LYMPHOMA
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Napkin ring lesion
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ileum, (asc/desc??) colon
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MC tumor of appendix
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leiyomyoma
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MC cancer of appendix
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carcinoid
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Carcinoid tumor
1) is made of what types of cells 2) comes from what organs |
1) enterochromaffin (neural crest)
2) pancreas ileum |
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Cancers that do NOT metastesize
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1) basal cell carcinoma
2) carcinoid???? |
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Cancers that only locally metastesize
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papillary carcinoma of thyroid goes to supraclavicular LN's only
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Rx for carcinoid syndrome
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octreotide
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MC colon tumor
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leiyomyoma
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MC colon cancer
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adenocarcinoma
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apple core lesion
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colon cancer
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pencil thin stool
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colon cancer
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MCC of lower GI bleed > 1 y/o
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polyps
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Are polyps b9 or malignant?
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depends:
hyperplastic: b9 adenomatous: tubular< Tubulovillous< villous |
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hyperpigmented mucosa=
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peutz jarger syndrome
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are the polyps in peutz jarger's b9
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yes, but the defected gene is right next to genes that control breast and ovarian cancer
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lower GI bleed and arrhythmia
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Villous adenomatous polyps. It secretes K into colon, leaving pt hypOk--> arrhythmia
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MC liver mass
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cyst
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MC liver tumor
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adenoma AND AVM's
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MC cancer in liver
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mets
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MC primary cancer
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hepatocellular CA
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Hepatocellular is assoc with 3 things
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1) estrogen
2) steroid use 3) rupture--> life threatening hemmorhage |
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chromosome 3p
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Von-Hipple-Landau (AVMs in abdomen and brain)
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2 syndromes assoc w higher incidence of renal cell carcinoma
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1) tuberous sclerosis
2) Von-hipple-landau |
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MC tumor in galbladder
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leiyomyoma
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MC cancer in gallbladder
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adenocarcinoma
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Corvosier's sign
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porcelin gallbladder (thickinned, cancerous)
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inc alk phos with hematochezia
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ampulla of vater CA
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MC mass of biliary tract
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coledochal cyst
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MC tumor of biliary tract
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cholangioma
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MC cancer of biliary tract
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cholangioSARCOMA
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2 dz's that put you at risk for cholangioSARCOMA
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1) primary biliary cirrhosis
2) sclerosing cholangitis |
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beads on a string
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sclerosing cholangitis
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3 cancers that present with painless hematuria
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1) renal cell carcinoma
2) bladder cancer 3) pancreatic cancer |
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MC pancreatic mass
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cyst
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MC pancreatic tumor
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adenoma
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MC pancreatic cancer
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adenocarcinoma
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MC presentation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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painless jaundice
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Troussaus syndrome
def: assoc with what cancer: |
Def: migratory thrombophleobitis
assoc with pancreatic cancer (bc it secretes lots of mucous |
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most COMMON mucinous cancer
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pancreatic cancer
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most MUCINOUS cancer
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serous cystadenocarcinoma (ie ovarian cancer)
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another word for insulinoma
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nessidioblastosis
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necrotizing migratory erythema, stomatitis, chelosis, abdominal pain
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glucagonoma
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how do you dx gastrinoma
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secretin injection --> gastrin >1,000 pg/ml
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MC ovarian mass
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follicular cyst
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MC ovarian tumor
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serous cystadenoma
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MC ovarian cancer
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serous cystadenoCARCINOMA
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which ovarian mass has psamomma bodies?
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serous cystadenoCARCINOMA
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Do OCP's increase risk for ovarian cancer?
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yes
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mass associated with pleural effusion and ascites
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ovarian fibroma (Meig's syndrome)
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mass associated with precocious puberty
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granulosa cell tumor (secretes estrogen)
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mass assoc with high AFP
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yolk sac tumor
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mass assoc with high HCG
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choriocarcinoma
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mass assoc with masculinization
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sertoli-leydig cell tumor
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mass assoc with peritoneum filled with gew
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mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
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another word for mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
|
pseudomyxoma peritonei
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what does merantic mean?
what causes it? |
mucous on heart wall; look for very mucinous cancer
(pancreatic cancer, ovarian, breast) |
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MCC of merantic
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pancreatic cancer
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hyperthryroid symptoms with no neck mass
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struma ovarii (teratoma in ovary likes to become thyroid tissue)
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so...
1) most MUCINOUS is called 2) the one that fills peritoneum with gue is called |
1) serous cystadenocarcinoma
2) mucinous cystadeocarcinoma |
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MC uterine mass
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polyp
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MC uterine tumor
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leiyomyoma
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MC uterine cancer
|
endometrial adenocarcinoma
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passing blood clots/clumps vaginally
rx: |
polyp
rx: remove (surgery) |
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another word for uterine leiyomyoma
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fibroid
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2 types of uterine fibroids
what causes them to grow? |
1) submucosal
2) subserosal estrogen causes them to grow |
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submucosal fibroids present with:
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menorrhagia, focal thickening, firm mass
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subserosal fibroids present with
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pelvic pain/pressure, focal thickening, firm mass
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Rx for uterine fibroids
|
1st line: OCP's
2nd line: leuprolide last resort: surgery |
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What causes endometrial carcinoma to grow?
How does it present? rx: |
-estrogen causes it to grow
-present with metorrhagia -rx: surgery |
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MC cervical mass
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wart
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MC cervical tumor
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fibroma
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MC cervical cancer
|
squamous cell carcinoma
|
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Condylomata lata
cause: description |
cause: syphilis
description: fleshy appearance |
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Condylomata accuminatum:
cause description: |
cause: HPV
description: verroucous/ mushroom-like |
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treatment for cervical warts
|
internal warts: trichloracetic acid
external warts: podophyllin drops (cryosurgery= last restort) |
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cervical cancer
risk factors: rx: |
RF: HPV 16, 18
immunocomprimised smoking rx: hysterectomy |
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MC vaginal mass
|
Bartholin cyst
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MC vaginal tumor
|
fibroma
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MC vaginal cancer
|
upper 2/3: sq cell carcinoma FROM THE CERVIX!
lower 1/3: rhabdomyoscarcoma |
|
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another word for rhabdomyosarcoma of vagina
|
sarcoma botyroides
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when you scrape it out looks like grapes
|
sarcoma botyroides (rhabdomyoSARCOMA of vagina)
|
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Bartholin cyst
cause: description: complications: rx: |
cause: congenital
description: fluctuant mass behind labia majora complications: infxn/ abscess rx: 1st time: abx, 2nd time: surgery (marsupialization) |
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MC kidney mass
|
cyst
|
|
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MC kidney tumor
|
adenoma
|
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MC kidney cancer
|
kids: wilms tumor
adults: renal cell adenoCA |
|
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flank mass
|
wilms tumor
|
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aniridis
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wilms tumor
|
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hemihypertrophy (one leg longer than the other)
|
wilms tumor
|
|
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mets to adrenal MC come from where?
|
renal cell CA
|
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Favorite place for renal cell CA to met to?
|
lungs (cannon ball mets)
|
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most vascular cancer is ______ bc it produces alot of ____
|
renal cell CA is most vascular cancer bc it produces alot of angiogenin
|
|
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what cancer produces EPO?
|
renal cell CA
|
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20% contralateral recurrence
|
renal cell CA
|
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MC mass in adrenal gland
|
cyst
|
|
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MC tumor in adrenal gland
|
adenoma
|
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MC cancer in adrenal gland
|
mets
|
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MC primary adrenal gland cancer
|
adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
3 adrenal adenomas
|
1) Conn's (from cortex)
2) Cushings (from cortex) 3) Pheo (from medulla) |
|
|
MC bladder mass
|
DIVERTICULUM
|
|
|
MC bladder tumor
|
leiyomyoma
|
|
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MC cancer of ureters and bladder
|
transitional cell adenoCA
|
|
|
sq cell CA of bladder is caused by
|
schistosoma hematobium
|
|
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MC prostate tumor
|
BPH
|
|
|
MC prostate cacner
|
adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Rx for
1) BPH 2) prostate cancer |
1) BPH: terazosin/ doxazosin, tamsusolin, fenesteride, TURP
2) flutamide, leuprolide |
|
|
top 3 cancers in men
(in order) women: MC deaths 2/2 cancer |
1) prostate
2) lung 3) colon 1) breast 2) lung 3) colon 1) lung 2) prostate 3) colon |
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MC testicular mass
|
newborns: hydrocele
kids: hematoma adolescents- adults: varicocele |
|
|
which testicular mass can lead to sterility
|
varicocele
|
|
|
transiluminates
|
hydrocele
|
|
|
who gets an orchiectomy?
|
anyone with a FIRM testicular mass
|
|
|
MC testicular tumor
|
adenoma
|
|
|
MC testicular cancer
|
< 1 y/o: adenoma
> 1 y/o: seminoma |
|
|
MC skin mass
|
skin tag (acrochordon), hemangioma
|
|
|
MC skin tumor
|
fibroma
|
|
|
MC skin cancer
MC skin MALIGNANCY MOST malignant |
-basal cell CA (does not met)
-sq cell CA (DOES met) -melanoma |
|
|
Rx for basal cell CA
|
wide resection CURES!
|
|
|
which ulcerates basal cell/ squamous cell skin cancer?
|
squamous cel
|
|
|
lesions that predispose to sq cell CA of skin
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1) actinic keratosis (red flaky papules)
2) bowens dz (actinic keratosis of genitalia) |
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MC tumor of bone epiphysis
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chondroma
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MC cancer of bone epiphysis
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chondrosarcoma
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MC tumor of bone diaphysis
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osteoma
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MC cancer of bone diaphysis
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mets
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MC primary cancer of bone diaphysis
kids: adults: |
osteoSARCOMA
kids: Ewings adults: plasmacytoma or multiple myeloma |
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signs that osteoSARCOMA is metastisizing
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1) Codman's triangle (cancer is exploding)
2) Starburst (cancer already exploded) |
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onion skinning
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Ewings osteosarcoma (seen in kids)
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MC breast mass
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cyst
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MC breast tumor
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< 25: fibroADENOMA
>25: fibrocystic change |
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MC breast cancer
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intraductal adenocarcinoma
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What causes these to grow?
-fibroadenomas -fibrocystic change |
fibroadenoma: estrogen (grows during 1st 2 weeks of cycle)
fibrocystic change: progesterone (grows during last 2 weeks of cycle) |
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greenish fluid on aspiration
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fibrocystic change
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what causes intraductal adenocarcinoma to grow?
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estrogen
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MC site of intraductal adenocarcinoma
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upper outer quadrant
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usually presents with a dimple
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intraductal adenocarcinoma of breast
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nipple bleeds
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intraductal PAPILLOMA of breast
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cells lined up in single file
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lobular adenoCA of breast
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contralateral primary
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lobular adenoCA of breast
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focal areas of necrosis
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comedoCA of breast
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peau d' orange
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inflammatory adenoCA (infiltrates lymphatic from day 1)
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a sarcoma explodes out of breast then stops growing
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cystsarcoma phylloides
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Rx for cystsarcoma phylloides
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wide resection (it haults in presence of Oxygen)
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annual manual breast exams begin at what age?
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40
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annual mammograms begin at what age?
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50
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age where cancer is MC in men?
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men: <30, >50
women: 30-50 |
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MCC of death in cancer is infxn exept for
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uterine and cervical cancers --> renal failure
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cancers that lost their proper ending
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1) hepatoma
2) seminoma 3) teratoma 4) mesothelioma 5) retinoblastoma 6) neuroblastoma 7) nephroblastoma (wilms tumor) 8) melanoma 9) lymphoma 10) glioblastoma multiforme |
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another word for nephroblastoma
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wilms tumor
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diastolic plop= middle-aged female passes out, and recovers a few seconds later
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myxoma (tumor of endocardium, MC seen in LA)
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Lung cancer RF's
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1) smoking
2) radon 3) 2nd hand smoke (mainstream/sidestream) 4) pneumoconiosis (all except anthracosis) |
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Colon cancer RF's
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1) low fiber diet
2) high fat diet 3) polyps 4) UC ***chrons is NOT a RF! |
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Number 1 RF for hepatocellular CA
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smoking
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RF's for hepatocellular CA
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smoke, alcohol, Hep BCD, shistosomiasis, analene dyes, aflatoxin, vinyl chloride, benzene
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if cancer Ag rose from baseline after surgery:
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recurrence, or mets
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p53 is a mutation of
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D-cyclin (controls mitosis)
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Dz's with inc risk for sq cell CA of skin
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1) albinism (pale skin)
2) vitiligo (pale skin) 3) porphyria cutanea tarda (blister) 4) PKU (pale skin) 5) Wiscott-Aldrige (pale skin) 6) Job's synd (pale skin) 7) xeroderma pigmentosa (blister) 8) Acanthosis nigragans (red, flaky papule) |
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acanthosis nigracans is RF for
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visceral cancer (lungs, GI, breast, uterus)
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# 1 RF for papillary CA of thyroid
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irradiation of neck
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Radiation is a high RF for what cancers
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1) sarcomas
2) papillary CA of thyroid |
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Top RF's for upper GI cancers
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1) smoking
2) alcohol 3) nitrites 4) Japanese (hot saki); highest risk of all ethnicities |
