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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some chemical agents that cause cancer?
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Tobacco, Solvents, Pesticides
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What are some physical agents that cause cancer?
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Asbestos, Chronic Irritation
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What are some Radiation agents that cause cancer?
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UV, Ionizing
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What are some viral agents that cause cancer?
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HPV, HIV, EBV, HTLV-I
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What are some bacterial agents that cause cancer?
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H. Pylori
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What are some parasitic agents that cause cancer?
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Schistosomes, Liver flukes
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How do cancer cells develop from normal cells?
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Acquisition of genetic changes
-Loss of tumor suppressor function -Activation of Oncogene function Morphologic Changes -Normal->Hyperplasia->Dysplasia->CIS->Invasion |
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What is a common presentation of metaplasia?
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Barrett's Esophagus
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What is a common presentation of dysplasia?
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Cervical cancer
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What pathologic changes do cells undergo as they transform from normal to cancer?
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Normal -> Hyperplasia -> Dysplasia -> CIS -> Invasion
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What are some ways of describing the morphological changes from normal to cancer?
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- Pleomorphism
- N:C Ratio - Condensed chromatin - Loss of polarity - Anchorage Independent Growth - Loss of contact inhibition |
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What is cellular discohesion?
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Cells are normally anchored to basement membranes, the extra-cellular matrix, and adjacent cells. In discohesion, these connections are lost or broken.
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What is invasion through basement membrane?
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The basement membrane is destroyed. This requires enzymes. In order to get through basement membrane there must be cell motility.
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What must happen for invasion into blood/lympatic vessels to occur?
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Vessel walls need to be breached
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What must cancer cells do to survive in blood/lymph?
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Must avoid immune surveillance
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What is meant by growth in "Foreign Soil"?
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Metastasis necessarily means the ability to grow in an environment that is foreign to the one the cell originated in. There must be an ability to tolerate and thrive in new conditions.
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Why is recruitment of new vasculature important for cancer metastasis?
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In the absence of blood vessels, growth of a colony of cells is limited by the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients.
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What are the steps involved in the process of metastasis?
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1. Cellular Discohesion
2. Invasion through Basement Membrane 3. Invasion into Blood/Lymphatic vessel 4. Survival in Blood/Lymph 5. Exit from blood/lymphatic vessel 6. Growth in "foreign soil" 7. Recruitment of new vasculature |
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What is the role of palliative care in cancer treatment?
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- Should be employed throughout the disease, not just the end.
- Relieve symptoms of disease and treatment - Focus on prognosis - Focus on patient's goals |
