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21 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Dysplasia (non malignant)
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mitotic figures are normally confined to the basal layer of stratified squamous epithelium - dysplastic epithelium has mitoses throughout
stratified squamous epithelium has a normal maturation epithelium has a normal maturation from base to top - dysplastic epithelium has architectural anarchy antedates the appearance of cancer: smokers bronchi, uterine cervix isn't cancer and is reversible |
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Desmoplasia
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the formation of proliferation of connective tissue in response to neoplastic gorwth
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fibrous stroma induced by a malignant neoplasm
produces a very hard lump schirrhous neoplasm observed in breast cancer and odontogenic neoplasm histologically seen Indian file pattern |
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Neoplasia
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aka. cancer
literally = new growth abnormal mass of tissue growing autonomously and uncoordinated with surrounding normal tissue neoplastic cells are transformed - continue growing w/o regard for normal controls depend on host for nutrients and supply some are endocrine dependent |
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Hyperplasia
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Physiologic: breast increase during feeding
Compensatory: removing one organ and the other increase Pathologic: prostate |
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Metaplasia
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an adaptive subtitution of one type of adult tissue to another type pf adult tissue
under stress a more vulnerable type of tissue will be replaced by another more capable of withstanding the stress |
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Tumors
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like organs:
- have parenchyma and stroma - look similar to cells in organ where the tumor arose - can continue to perform some of the function of the parent organs different than organs: - don't contribute to the homeostasis of the body -grow more rapidly than surrounding tissues - some benign and all malignant tumors never cease to grow - show some derangement of histologic architecture - locally invasive and have metastatic potential |
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most common cancer
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skin
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benign neoplasm
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end in -oma
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malignant neoplasms
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carinoma - from epithelial cels
sarcoma - from mesenchymal cells |
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mixed tumors
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more than one phenotype but still derived from one germ layer
neoplastic stem cells of origin undergoes divergent differentiation - epithelial component in a fibromyxoid stroma mixed tumor of salivary glands |
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teratoma
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more than one neoplastic cell type derived from more than one germ layer
arise from gonadal cells in ovary or testis. some found midline and can give rise to midline teratomas |
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anaplasia
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tumors that are less differentiated
clinically more aggressive than the more differentiated hallmark of malignancy, always present in malignant tumors - more likely to metstases pleomorphism nuclear hyperchromasia nuclear enlargement (1:2 ratio) bizarrely shaped nuclei coarsely clumped chromatin large nucleoli numerous and atypical mitoses lack of normal atypical mitoses - grow in sheets, |
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carcinoma in situ
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full thickness of dysplasia
pre-invasive stage of cancer is not cancer - not carcinoma - misnomer will become a cancer 99% of the time |
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functions of neoplasm
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more differentiated the neoplasm, the more like its normal counterpart
benign neoplasm produce excessive normal substance malignant neoplasms become like fetal cells and make fetal cell products or make abnormal products anaplastic cells don't have specialized function |
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hematogenous spread
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charateristic of mesenchymal cells
sarcoma predominate veins are the route of hematogenous spread endpoints: liver (portal flow) and lungs (caval flow) |
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how do tumors kill and maim
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local effect - encroachment on vital structures
cancer cachexia paraneoplastic syndromes |
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cancer cachexia
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loss of body fat and lean body mass
not due to nutritional demands of the tumor linked to cytokine elaborated by the tumor or host part of paraneoplastic syndromes |
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paraneoplastic syndromes
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10% of pt
bizarre syndromes that cannot be directly linked to the tumor or encroachment of the tumors to the vital structure |
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factors that influence the risk of lymph node metastasis
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site, size, T stage, location (anterior vs posterior, histomorphic heatures (exophytic vs endophytic, tumor thichness, differentiation)
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6 key properties that characterize cancer cells
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1. disregard signals regulating cell proliferation
2. become resistant to dying by apoptosis 3. escape replicative senescence and avoid differentiation 4, genetically unstable 5. become invasive, over-expressing proteinases that facilitate tissue invasion 6. survive in the circulation and proliferate in foreign sites |
more characteristics that was added later on:
deregulating cellular energetics avoiding immune destruction tumor-promoting inflammation |
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drugs that target 10 features used by tumor in their development
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1. EGFR inhibitors
2. cyclin-dependednt kinase inhibitors 3. immune activating anti-CTKA4 mAb 4. telomerase inhibitors 5. selective anti-inflammatory drugs 6. inhibitors of HGF/c-Met 7. inhibitors of VEGF signaling 8. PARP inhibitors 9. proapoptotic BH3 mimetics 10. aerobic glycolysis |
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