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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an abnormal formation of normal tissue, grows along with normal tissue?
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Hamartoma
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What is a normal tissue in an abnormal location? (often microscopic)
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Choristoma
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What are displaced tissues?
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Heterotopia or ectopia
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What is the complete absence of an organ? No primordium?
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Agenesis
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What is it called when the primordium is there but no tissue grows?
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aplasia
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What causes benign prostatic hyperplasia?
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Dihydrotestosterone
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What is a change from one cell type to another cell type?
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Metaplasia
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What will hyperestrogenism cause in prostatic ducts?
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squamous metaplasia
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What is myositis ossificans?
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Osseous metaplasia
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What is abnormal cell morphology resulting in changes in cellular architectural orientation?
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Dysplasia
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What is it called when a tumor gets hard and fibrous?
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Scirrhous response
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What is a sarcoma?
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Malignant neoplasia of mesenchymal tissues
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What is a carcinoma?
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Malignant neoplasia of epthelial tissues
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What is it called when cells are the wrong size?
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Anisocytosis
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What do metalloproteinase enzymes do?
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Digest extracellular matrix proteins in basement membranes of epithelium and endothelium to allow invasion.
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What determines where metastatic tumors land?
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Integrins- fertile soil concept
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What does E-Cadherin do?
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Adheres ajacent epithelial cells to each other, it's damage allows epithelial cells to be released from adjoining cells, leading to metastasis
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What does an activator operator do?
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Attracts RNA polymerase to the promoter
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What are repressor and inducer substances?
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Metabolic products of a reaction pathway that can alter the conformation of repressor and activator sequences
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How many copies of a tumor suppressor gene do you have to alter in order to make it non-functioning?
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Two (both)
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How many copies of a proto-oncogene do you have to alter for it to promote mitosis inappropriately?
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One
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What does PARP do?
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Repairs DNA
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How does chronic inflammation cause cancer?
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Reactive O and N species from phagocytes can have genotixic effects.
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What is the name of the new angiogensis inhibitor?
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Endostatin
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What is bax?
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A pro-apoptotic protein introduced by p53
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What is bcl-2?
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An anti-apoptotic protein (proto-oncogene)
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What happens if there is too much c-myc?
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apoptosis
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What is NF-1?
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Tumor suppressor gene (inhibits ras)
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What is MTSI?
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Tumor suppressor gene (stops cell cycle in response to TGF-beta)
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What happens if you have defects in BER enzymes?
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Xeroderma pigmentosum
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What is erb-B?
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Proto-oncogene (epidermal growth factor receptor)
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What is ras factor?
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Proto-oncogene (cytoplasmic relay protein)
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What are myc factors?
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Proto-oncogenes (transcription factors)
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What is bcl-2?
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Proto-oncogene (inhibits apoptosis)
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What is MDM2?
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Proto-oncogene (inhibits p-53)
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What is telomerase?
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Proto-oncogene (repairs telomeres)
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What is Bcl-1?
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Proto-oncogene (cyclin D1)
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What is CDK4?
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Proto-oncogene (cyclin-dependent kinase)
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What is MAGE?
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A tumor specific antigen found in 30% of all melanomas
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When is a peripheral biopsy not preferred for cancer diagnosis?
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Osteosarcoma-edge is often overgrown by non-cancerous reactive bone
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What are the tumor staging categories?
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Ia: Contained and small
Ib: contained and larger II: locally invasive III: in regional lymph node IV: distant metastasis |
