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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do some normal cells become cancerous?
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a mutation of a cell's DNA
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What two environmental factors seem to contribute to the increase of cancer rates in some areas?
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1. Pollution
2. Pesticide Runoff |
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Name two places in the US that are associated with a high risk of cancer
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1. cities (urban areas)
2. The Mississippi Delta |
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What is meant by "cancer causing agents are mutagens?"
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the agents readily (easily)damage DNA
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True or false, it takes many mutations to produce cancer.
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false
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Define ONCOGENES
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it is the genes for the signal carrying proteins that tell a cell when to divide
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does cancer result when oncogenes become more active or less active?
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more active
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what do we call the "breaking gene" in the cell?
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tumor suppressor genes
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what is the function of this "breaking gene?"
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it prevents cell division from occurring too often
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how many safety checks does your cell have to try to prevent cancer?
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three
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what should healthy cells do during their lives?
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1. grow
2. divide a certain number of 3. times 4. age 5. die |
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what do we call a group of excess cells that have divided too often?
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tumor
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explain the difference between BENIGN and MALIGNANT tumors
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Benign_tumors do not spread to other parts of the body
Malignant_tumors however, invade and destroy nearby healthy tissues and organs |
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what does "metastasize" mean?
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spread to other parts of the body and form new tumors
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why are cancer cells sometimes referred to as "immortal?"
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they can divide indefinitely
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how many times do normal mammal cells divide during their life?
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20 to 50 times
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name the common oncogene present in 30% of all cancers and in leukemia
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ras
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what is wrong with a tumor suppressor gene in order for cancer to occur?
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it is inactivated by mutation
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can cancer be inherited? How?
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yes; inherited through genes, in one copy of a tumor suppressor gene.
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there is a tumor suppressor gene that is associated with 50% of human cancers, what is it called?
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p53
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list five common cancers which are caused by a malfunction of the p53 gene
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1. breast
2. colon 3. lung 4. prostate 5. skin |
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list six environmental factors that can lead to a dangerous mutation of p53
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Exposure to:
1. x-rays 2. ultraviolet radiation 3. cigarette smoke 4. asbestos 5. human papilloma virus 6. hepatitis B virus |
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how many deaths in the US are caused by cancer each year
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more than half a million
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what fraction of the yearly deaths is this
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one out of every five deaths
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what is the only thing that kills more people each year
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heart disease
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what has happened to the number of new cancer cases and deaths in the last several years
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for every 100,000 persons...has decreased
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what is the number one deadly cancer
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lung cancer
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list the next three deadliest cancers in order of occurrence
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colorectal
breast prostate |
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which of the serious cancers for males has the highest survival rate
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prostate cancer
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which of the serious cancers for females has the highest survival rate
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breast cancer
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which cancer has the losest survival rate
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pancreatic cancer
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what are your chances of surviving lung cancer for five years
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15%
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what two things can you do to greatly increase your chance of surviving cancer
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1. get regular cancer screenings
2. detecting early the presence of cancers |
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what is an ONCLOLOGIST
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a physician who is a cancer specialist
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