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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Results when normal cells mutate into abnormal cells that respond differently than normal cells to intracellular signals they divide indiscrimiately and haphazardly and take over normal tissue
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Cancer
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Cancer will eventually harm and _______ the host
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Destory
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Solid tumors arising from epithelial cells
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Carcinomas
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Derived from muscle, bone, fat and other connective tissue
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Sarcomas
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Originate in the lympoid tissue
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Lymphomas
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Originate in the cells in bone marrow that make blood
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Leukemias
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Develops in the plasma cells of bone marrow
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Myeloma
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3 most common cancers for males are?
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Prostate
Lung Colorectal |
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3 most common cancers for females are?
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Breast
Lung Colorectal |
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_______ are higher at risk
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Men
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The nursing role in cancer health promotion is to encourage...
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routine medical check up and screenings
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Always offer teaching in client awareness to act if symptoms of ______ occur
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cancer
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Effects of Cancer:
Causes excessive secretion of cortisone causing fluid retention, and high glucose levels |
Increased Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
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There is no _______ until cancer metasizied
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Pain
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_______ pain is when a symptom came on that brought you to the dx of cx
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Acute
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______ pain is related to treatment or progression
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Chronic
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Physical _________ causes pain while the body tries to respond and destory the neoplasm
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Stress
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CAUTION stands for?
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Change in bowel habits
A sore that will not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness |
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Localized, non-cancerous growths; solid mass with well defined boarders; frequent encapsulated
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Benign
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tumors that grow aggressively; no cohesion; irregular shape. Malignant tumors can spread
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Malignant
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Original site of malignancy
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Primary Tumor
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Areas where malignancy has spread
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Secondary tumor
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When tumor cells travel through blood or lymph circulation to other body areas and invade tissues and organs in another part of the body
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Metastasis
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Commmon sites of metastasis are?
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Lymph Nodes
Liver Lungs Bone Brain |
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Disruption of function is due to __________ or pressure and leads to anorexia and necrosis of an organ
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Obstruction
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Hematologic Alterations can impair function of blood cells which has ________ WBC, ______ RBC and platelets
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Low
Low |
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Infections cause a breakdown of defenses so a ________ can develop and it may become necrotic and lead to septicemia
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Fistula
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Tumor erosion, bleeding and severe anemia
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Hemorrhage
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The catabolic state is ______ when the use of body tissue and nuscle protein is used to support cancer cell growth
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Anorexia
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Cachexia Syndrome is another word for _______ in which a person has a wasted appearence
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Anorexia
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Cachexia syndrome is unexplained weight rapid loss; what do you do for them?
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Bring them the food they like!
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Major concern of clients and families associated with cancer?
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Pain
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Paraneoplastic Syndromes are ectopic sites with ________ horomone production
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excess
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Increased parathyroid horomone causes _____________
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Hypercalcemia
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Increased secretion of insulin causes __________
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Hypoglycemia
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Increased antidiuretic hormone causes fluid retention, HTN and peripheral _________
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edema
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________ are named according to the tissue or cell of origin
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Tumors
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Grading evaluates the degree of differentiation and rate of growth. Grade 1 is _____ aggressive while Grade 4 is _______ aggressive
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Least
Most |
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TNM stands for?
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Tumor size
Nodes Metatsisis |
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PSA is specific for _______ cancer
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Prostate
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CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is specific for ______ cancer
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Colon
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CA-125 is specific for _____ cancer
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Ovarian
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Alkaline Phosphate is specific for _______ metastasis
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Bone
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You should _______ check the estrogen level, along with CBC, Electrolytes and BMP
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Always
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Goal of treatment is to be ______ of dx and live a normal life; CURE
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Free
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________ is the goal for chronic cancer
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Control
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________ care is when qualitity of life is maintained at highest level for the longest possible time
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Palliative
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Involves use of cytotoxic medications that kill BOTH normal cells and cancerous cells
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Chemotherapy
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Nitrogen Mustard and Cisplatin are _________ agents for chemo
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Alkylating
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Action of an Alkylating agent is to create _____ in tumor DNA
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Deficits
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Toxic effects of alkylating agents are ______ renal tubular necrosis
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Reversible
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Antimetabolics medications are _________ specific and are chemo drugs
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Phase
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Methotrexate and 5 fluoracil are examples of _________ medication
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Antimetabolic
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Side effects to Antimetabolic medications include:
N&V Stomatitis( ____________) Diarrhea Alopecia Leukopenia |
Inflammation of the mouth
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Antitumor Antibotics are ______ specific and they interfer with DNA
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Non-phase
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Actinomycin D, Belomycin, Adriamycin are all _________ medications
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Antitumor
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Toxic effects of antitumor medications are damage to the ________ muscle
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Cardiac
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Adriamycin is used for ______ cancer
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Breast
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Miotic inhibitors prevent cell _____ during the M phase of cell division
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Division
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Vincristine and Vinblastine are examples of ___________ inhibitors
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Miotic
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Toxic effects of miotic inhibitors is that it affects ____________, alopecia, bone marrow depression
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Neurotransmission
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Hormone medications are ____ specific G1, and can only be give during the acute phase
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Stage
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Examples of ____________ are cortisteriods including predisone and decodron
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Hormone
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Hormone Antagnoist medications ________ hormones on hormone-binding tumors and cause tumor regression
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block
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Tamoxifen is a hormone aganiost and is used for ____ cancer
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Breast
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Flutamide is a hormone antagonist and is used for _____ cancer
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prostate
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Toxic effects of hormone antagonists are altered secondary _____ characteristics
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Sex
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Tissues are affected: mucous membranes, hair cells, bone marrow, specific organs with speicifc agents, reproductive organs
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Effects of chemo
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All chemotherapy drugs are ____ toxic
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Fetal
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When adminstering chemo you must wear _______
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Gloves
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Proper management of pts excretement is necessary after chemo, which means you must teach them to ______ flush
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Double
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Routes of adminstrations for chemo include: ____ and ____ cavity
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Oral and Body
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You always assess and manage the toxic effects of the drugs and always report them to the _______
***TEST QUESTION**** |
Physician
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N&V, inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes, alopecia, anorexia
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Side effects of chemo
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Nursing interventions would be to:
_______ lab results\ Check _______! Assess for dehydration (________) |
Monitor
Fever Emergency |
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Chemo drugs are withheld if the _____ counts are seriously low
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Blood
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Always provide ______ and ________ support to clients and families
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Emotional and Spiritual
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Decrease the size of a tumor in advanced cancer cases
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Debulking
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Treatment choice for some tumors to kill or reduce tumor, relieve pain or obstruction
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Radiation Therapy
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Radiation delievered in uniform dose to tumor "MOST COMMON"
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Teletherapy (External)
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Delievers high dose to tumor and less to other tissues; radiation source is placed in tumor of next to it
ex: prostate seeds |
Brachytherapy
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You can use in __________ teletherapy and bradytherapy
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Combination
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The main goal is ________ tumor control with minimal damage to normal tissues
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Maximum
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Caregivers must _____ themselves by using shields, distancing and limited time with client, following safety protocols
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Protect
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Treatment _________ planned according to radiosensitivty of tumor and tolerance of client
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Schedules
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You should always monitor _____________
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Blood cell counts
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Due to radiation therapy _______ becomes blanched, erythema and sloughing
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SKin
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You always make sure that they use no __________ and wash with water only!
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Ointment
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Always be gentle with ulcerated _______ membranes
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mucous
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A huge side effect of the GI tract for radiation therapy is ________
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Fistula
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Radiation pneumonia is an ___________ and it is when cancer moves to the lungs
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Emergency
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Remember shots are very painful so you should ________ sides
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Alternate
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Modification of biologic processes that result in malignancies and it is based on boosting the patients immune system function
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Biotherapy
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Interfereon and Procrit is used to increase ________
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neutrophils
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_________ is used for hematological malignancies, renal and melanoma
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Biotherapy
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PT is given photosensitizing compond which concentrates in malignant tissue; than later they are given laser treatment to destory the tumor
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Photodynamic Therapy
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In photodynamic therapy is directly hits the tumor site, but not the ___________ tissue
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surrounding
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An example of a photodynamic therapy is _______ which is common in bladder cancer and smaller tumors
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Photfrin
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Common treatment for leukemias and uses stimulation of nonfunctioning marrow or to replace bone marrow
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Bone Marrow transplantation and blood stem cell transplantation
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After the transplant, the patient has no natural _______ present until the graft is accepted
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Immunity
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Goal of _____ control is maximum relief with minimal side effects
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pain
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Give opiates and during intermintent pain you use ___________
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anti-inflammatories
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_______ is the 5th vital sign
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pain
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_______ are given in the acute phase
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Steroids
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The main concern for pericaridal effusion and neoplastic cardic tamponade is compression of the _____ by fluid in the pericardial sac
***EMERGENCY*** |
Heart
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Treatment for pericardial effusion and neoplastic cardiac tamponade is pericardiocentesis which is where you put a needle in and ________
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aspirate
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Obstruction of venous system with increased venous pressure and stasis
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Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
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Facial and neck edema with slow progression to respiratory distress is signs of Superior vena cava syndrome which is an ________
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Emergency
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Treatment for superior vena cava syndrome is _______ support and to decrease the tumor size with radiation
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Respiratory
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Usually _____ patients get sepsis and septic shock
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Terminal
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Concern for sepsis is _____ reconigition of the infection
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early
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You give a patient an anti- ______ medication for sepsis
***emergency*** |
fungal
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Pressure from expanding tumor can cause irreversabile paraplegia; back pain
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Spinal cord compression
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Signs and symptoms for spinal cord compression is:
____ pain with progressive paresthesia and leg pain and weakness |
Back
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Treatment for spinal cord compression is early detection and ______ of tumor or surgical decompression
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Radiation
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Blockage of urine flow and undiagnosised can result in renal failure
***EMERGENCY*** |
Obstructive uropathy
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Treatment for obstrucive uropathy is to ____ the urine flow with catherization or a suprapubic urostomy
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Restore
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High calcium from ectopic parathyroid hormone or metastasis
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Hypercalcemia
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S&S of hypercalicemia are an ______ and include:
Fatigue muscle weakness polyuria constipation progressing to coma or seizures |
Emergency
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Treatment for ________ includes restoring fluids with IV saline, loop diuretics
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Hypercalcemina
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When a patient has hyperuricemia you make sure that they drink lots of ______
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water
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The concern for hyperuricemia is rapid ______ of tumor cells can result in renal damage and failure
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Necrosis
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Treatment for hyperuricemnia is prevention and treatment with _____ and alopurinol
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Fluids
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Ectopic ADH production from tumor leads to excessive hyponattremnia
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SIADH
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Treatment for SIADH is to restore _____ level by giving IV replacement
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Sodium
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most common childhood cancer in which the cells change in the bone marrow
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leukemia
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cancer of the nervous system which is most common in the abdomen
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Neuroblastoma
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OSteosacroma occurs in children over ____ years of age
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10
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Cancer of the shaft of the bone, which is rare but fast growing
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Ewings Sarcoma
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Rhabdomyosarcoma is the cancer of the _____ that connects to the bones
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muscles
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Retinoblastoma is eye cancer which is ______ and this is the reason why eye exam is mandaatory on infants
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Inheritable
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