Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Male Anatomy |
Pathway for sperm from site of production to exit 1) Seminiferous tubules - site of spermatogenesis (inside testis) 2) Epididymus (about 20 ft long in humans) - Highly coiled and outside of testis (sperm storage) (connects to the seminiferous tubules) (epi (G) = upon) (didymus (G) = testis) 3) Vas (ductus) deferens (enters the body cavity as part of the spermatic cord) (also stores sperm) (vas (L) = vessel) -Vas deferens is site of the sterilization process |
|
|
Male Anatomy (continued) |
Spermatic cord - Includes vas deferens, spermatic artery, spermatic vein, Nerves- passes through inguinal canal into abdominal cavity 4) Ejaculatory Duct - propels sperm into the urethra 5) Urethra - used for both reproductive and urinary function |
|
|
Semen |
-Fluid composed of sperm and glandular fluid -Must contain about 75-100 million sperm/ mL; Each ejaculate is aprox 3-5mL. -Therefore, a sperm count of 300-500 million sperm is average.(but only 50-100 sperm reach the egg) |
|
|
Semen: Glands |
1) Seminal Vesicle - Produces an alkaline, fructose- containing fluid with prostaglandins which will stimulate contractions in the uterus (Alkaline secretion will neutralize acid urethra and acid female vagina) 2) Prostate glang - Produces milky, alkaline secretion. -Prostate gland produces PSA (Prostate specific antigen) into blood amount of PSA increases with increased prostate size; therefore PSA test (done on the blood around 50 years of age) is used to indicate infection, benign enlargement, or even prostate cancer 3) Bulbourethral Gland - Produces a mucus, alkaline secretion |
|
|
Spermatogenisis |
Sperm formation (By Meiosis) that occurs in the seminiferous tubules under the influence of FSH and testosterone. (spermatogonia (can undergo mitosis or meiosis) > primary spermatocyte > Secondary spermatocytes > Spermatids > sperm) (4 sperm to each spermatogonium) |
|
|
Testosterone |
-Produced from the interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules under the stimulation of ICSH (LH)LH from ant pit stimulates these cells to produce testosterone -Testosterone is needed for males secondary sex characteristics and stimulation of spermatogenesis. ICSH = Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (this hormone is known as LH in females and LH is from the anterior pituitary gland in both male and females |
|
|
Erection |
-Under influence of parasympathetic NS - enables vasodilation of arteries to penis which fill cavernous bodies (this is spongy, erectile tissue that is modified vein & Capillaries); this vasodilation compresses the veins which conduct blood away from the penis -Baculum (Penis bone) in rodents, raccoons, whales, walruses
|
|
|
Ejaculation |
-Under influence of sympathetic NS |
|
|
Female Anatomy |
Oviduct = Fallopian tube--Site of fertilization Uterus - Inside lining = Endometrium Vagina |
|
|
Menstrual Cycle |
Controlled by anterior pituitary (FHS, LH) gland and ovarian hormones (Estrogen, Progesterone) |
|
|
Menstrual Cycle Functions |
a) Controls oogenesis - Ooogenesis = meiosis and occurs in follicles of the ovaries b) Prepares endometrium for implantation |
|
|
Follicle |
"Sac" of ovary under influence of FSH, oogenesis occurs and estrogen is secreted into blood (follic (L) = Bag) (FSH = Follicle Stimulating Hormone) |
|
|
Ovulation |
Occurs mid-cycle under surge of LH stimulation, Approx Day 14. (LH = Luteinizing Hormone) |
|
|
Corpus Luteum |
Transformed from ovulated follicle under stimulation of LH -Further stimulation by LH enables progesterone and some estrogen production from CL in the postovulatory phase of the cycle -Luteum (L) = Yellow |
|
|
Pre-ovulatory phase ~ Day 1 - Day 14 |
(Day 1-first day of menstruation) Increased FSH: a) Stimulates oogenesis and maturation of follicle b) Stimulates estrogen production from follicle Increased estrogen: a) stimulates anterior pituitary to produce LH (When LH peaks, ovulation occurrs) b) begins vascularization of endometrium Increased LH: a) Peak of LH causes Ovulation = Day 14
|
|
|
Post-ovulatory phase ~ Day 14 - Day 28 |
a) Peak of LH causes ovulation b) LH transforms ovulated folical into corpus luteum c) LH stimulates CL to produce progesterone and moderate estrogen Increase progesterone and estrogen: a) Finishes final vascularization of endometrium & uterine gland that provides nutrients before implantation of fertilized mass of cells b) Inhibits LH & results in degeneration of CL (because LH is needed to stimulate CL to produce progesterone and estrogen) |
|
|
PRINCIPLE OF MAINTENANCE OF ENDOMETRIUM |
Progesterone and estrogen are needed to maintain endometrium: therefore with decreased LH in post ovulation and subsequent and decrease estrogen and progesterone from corpus luteum, the endometrium (arteries spasm) becomes unstable and results in menstrual flow. |
|
|
PRINCIPLE OF BIRTH CONTROL PILLS |
Estrogen/ Progesterone combination inhibits both LH and FSH; on pill for 21 days so vascularization occurs; take blank for 7 days (withdraw of estrogen and progesterone causes endometrium to become unstable and menstrual flow occurs) |
|
|
IF FERTILIZATION OCCURS |
(gestation = 266 days from conception; 280 days from last period) 1) Occurs in the Fallopian tube within 24 hours following ovulation (day 14) (sperm viable in female reproductive tract for 48-72 hours) 2) Cleavage (rapid mitosis) begins in the fallopian tube (2 cell, 4 cell, 8 cell, 16 cells) and enters the uterus about 3 days after fertilization at the 16 cell stage 3) Cleavage continues in the uterus until the mass of cells approaches 100 cells, also known as the blastocyst stage... 4) Implantation now occurs 7 days after fertilization (day 21 of the menstrual cycle) into the completely vascularized endometrium. 5) Trophoblast cells (nourish) of the blastocyst become the chorion and produce chorionic villi which help anchor the implanted cells into the endometrium |
|
|
IF FERTILIZATION OCCURS (continued) |
6) The trophoblast cells (chorion) produce human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG), the pregnancy hormone. hCG substitutes for LH (LH is now inhibited by increased progesterone) and hCG continues to stimulate the corpus luteum to keep producing estrogen and progesterone to maintain the endometrium (hCG is produced predominantly in the first trimester until the placenta is formed which then produces estrogen and progesterone to maintain pregnancy until delivery. hCG has been used for weight loss (can cause loss of appetite) 7) The inner cell mass becomes the embryo and certain cells from inner cell mass produce the amnion- amnion directly surrounds the fetus and contains amnionic fluid that serves as a shock absorber and promotes symmetry of the fetus. 8) The placenta is formed as a combined affort of the endometrium (maternal) and chorion (fetal) 9) The chorion and amnion (bags of "water") must break before delivery 10) Labor contractions stimulated by oxytocin result in delivery of baby 11) Afterbirth delivered (afterbirth = placenta and amnion and chorion) |
