Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Distinguish between Conservation biology and Restoration biology:
|
---Conservation biology seeks to preserve life, while
---Restoration ecology applies ecological principles to return degraded ecosystems to conditions as similar as possible to their natural state. |
|
|
Give 5 field of Conservation biology:
|
– Ecology
– Physiology – Molecular biology – Genetics – Evolutionary biology |
|
|
Give 3 levels of Biodiversity:
|
– Genetic diversity
– Species diversity – Ecosystem diversity |
|
|
What is Genetic Diversity?
|
Genetic diversity comprises genetic variation within a population and between populations
|
|
|
List difference between an Endangered species and a Threatened species?
|
-----An endangered species is “in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a significant portion of its range”
–---A threatened species is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future |
|
|
What % of wetlands in the contiguous United States have been drained and converted to other ecosystems?
|
50% of wetlands in the contiguous United States have been drained and converted to other ecosystems.
|
|
|
What % of prescriptions contain substances originally derived from plants?
|
25% of prescriptions contain substances originally derived from plants.
|
|
|
Human______ allows us to recognize the value of biodiversity for its own sake
|
Human biophilia -----allows us to recognize the value of biodiversity for its own sake
|
|
|
______ encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their species help sustain human life
|
Ecosystem services -----encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their species help sustain human life
|
|
|
Give some examples of ecosystem services:
|
Some examples of ecosystem services are:
– Purification of air and water – Detoxification and decomposition of wastes – Cycling of nutrients – Moderation of weather extremes |
|
|
List 3 major threats to biodiversity and give an example each (alway which of the threat is the greatest threat?):
|
Three Threats to Biodiversity are:
1) Habitat Loss: • For example – In Wisconsin, prairie occupies <0.1% of its original area – About 93% of coral reefs have been damaged by human activities Introduced Species 2) Introduced species: An example is --The introduction of kudzu in the southern United States. 3) Overexploitation Example: ---Overexploitation by the fishing industry has greatly reduced populations of some game fish, such as bluefin tuna. |
|
|
Describe the conflicting demands that may accompany species conservation and give an example:
|
Conflicts between habitat needs of endangered species and human demands. • For example:
--- In the U.S. Pacific Northwest, habitat preservation for many species is at odds with timber and mining industries. |
|
|
Define Biodiversity Hot Spots and explain their importance:
|
A biodiversity hot spot is a relatively small area with a great concentration of endemic species and many endangered and threatened species.
Their Importance: ---Biodiversity hot spots are good choices for nature reserves, but identifying them is not always easy |
|
|
Define Zone Reserves and explain their importance:
|
The zoned reserve model recognizes that conservation often involves working in landscapes that are largely human dominated.
Importance -----A zoned reserve includes relatively undisturbed areas and the modified areas that surround them and that serve as buffer zones |
|
|
Explain Importance of Bioremediation of ecosystem processes in restoration efforts:
|
Bioremediation is the use of living organisms to detoxify ecosystems
The organisms most often used are prokaryotes, fungi, or plantsThese organisms can take up, and sometimes metabolize, toxic molecules |
|
|
Explain Importance of Biological Augmentation of ecosystem processes in restoration efforts:
|
Biological augmentation uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem
For example, nitrogen-fixing plants can increase the available nitrogen in soil |
|
|
Zoned reserves are often established as____
|
“conservation areas”
|
|
|
_____ seeks to initiate or speed up the recovery of degraded ecosystems
|
Restoration ecology
|
|
|
_____ is development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
|
Sustainable development
|
|
|
Sustainable development requires connections between of of these except:
life sciences, social sciences, economics, humanities and applied science |
all except applied science
|
|
|
______ is the study of the biological form of an organism, while
_______ is the study of the biological functions an organism performs |
• Anatomy is the study of the biological form of an organism
• Physiology is the study of the biological functions an organism performs |
|
|
The ____study of animals reveals that form and function are closely correlated
|
The Comparative Study of animals reveals that form and function are closely correlated
|
|
|
Animal ___and ___ are correlated at all levels of organization
|
Animal Form and Function are correlated at all levels of organization
|
|
|
___ and ____ affect the way an animal interacts with its environment
|
Size and shape affect the way an animal interacts with its environment
|
|
|
Many different animal body plans have evolved and are determined by the ____
|
Many different animal body plans have evolved and are determined by the genome
|
|
|
The ability to perform certain actions depends on an animal’s ___, ____, and ____
|
The ability to perform certain actions depends on an animal’s shape, size, and environment
|
|
|
____ reflects different species’ adaptations to a similar environmental challenge
|
Evolutionary convergence reflects different species’ adaptations to a similar environmental challenge
|
|
|
Physical laws impose constraints on animal ____and ____
|
Physical laws impose constraints on animal size and shape
|
|
|
An animal’s ___and ____directly affect how it exchanges energy and materials with its surroundings
|
An animal’s size and shape directly affect how it exchanges energy and materials with its surroundings
|
|
|
Exchange occurs as substances dissolved in the aqueous medium diffuse and are transported across the cells’ ______.
|
Exchange occurs as substances dissolved in the aqueous medium diffuse and are transported across the cells’ plasma membranes
|
|
|
Components of aNervous tissue contains:
|
– Neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses
– Glial cells, or glia, that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons |
|
|
Difference in functions of endocrine and nervous systems
|
In the endocrine system, signaling molecules released into the blood by endocrine cell reach all locations of the body, while in Nervous system, neurons transmit information between specific locations.
|
|
|
The endocrine system transmits chemical signals called ___ to receptive cells throughout the body via blood
|
The endocrine system transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood
|
|
|
The 4 types of cells that receive nerve impulses are:
|
1. neurons
2. muscle cells 3. endocrine cells 4. exocrine cells |
|
|
• A _____ uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation
• A _____ allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes |
• A regulator uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation
• A conformer allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes |
|
|
Organisms use ____ to maintain a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment
|
• Organisms use homeostasis to maintain a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment
|
|
|
• For a given variable, fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a _____; these are detected by a sensor and trigger a response
|
• For a given variable, fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a ----stimulus----; these are detected by a sensor and trigger a response
|
|
|
• Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve ___, ___, and _____
|
• Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior
|
|
|
Define thermoregulation
|
Thermoregulation is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
|
|
|
How do endoderm manage their heat budget?
|
Endothermic animals generate heat by metabolism; birds and mammals are endotherms
|
|
|
How do ectoderm manage their heat budget?
|
Ectothermic animals gain heat from external sources; ectotherms include most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles
|
|
|
____is more energetically expensive than _____
|
• Endothermy is more energetically expensive than ectothermy
|
|
|
• In _____, blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss
|
• In vasodilation, blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss
|
|
|
• In _____, blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss
|
• In vasoconstriction, blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss
|
|
|
Describe how countercurrent heat exchanger functions to retain heat with animal body:
|
• Countercurrent heat exchangers transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions.
|
|
|
Countercurrent heat exchangers are an important mechanism for _____
|
• Countercurrent heat exchangers are an important mechanism for reducing heat loss
|
|
|
Some___, ____, and ____also have countercurrent heat exchange
|
Some bony fishes, sharks, and insects also have countercurrent heat exchange
|
|
|
Some animals can regulate body temperature by adjusting their rate of ____
|
Some animals can regulate body temperature by adjusting their rate of metabolic heat production
|
|
|
Heat production is increased by muscle activity such as ___or ___
|
Heat production is increased by muscle activity such as moving or shivering
|
|
|
• When temperatures are subzero, some ectotherms produce “_____” compounds to prevent ice formation in their cells
|
• When temperatures are subzero, some ectotherms produce “antifreeze” compounds to prevent ice formation in their cells
|
|
|
Four key characters of chordates:
|
– Notochord
– Dorsal, hollow nerve cord – Pharyngeal slits or clefts – Muscular, post-anal tail |
|
|
Describe 5 types of prezygotic barriers and give examples
|
a. Habitat Isolation: two garter snakes, one lives in water and the other on land.
b. Temporal Isolation: Breeding in different time of day, month or season..... eastern spotted skunk breeds in winter, while the western spotted skunk breeds in the summer. c. Behavioral isolation: Blue-footed boobies have special mating courtship. d. Mechanical isolation: two snails with spirals that go in opposite direction have sex organs that are incompatible. e.Gametic isolation: gametes of red and purple sea urchins are unable to fuse to produce offdpring. |
|
|
Describe and give 3 examples of postzygotic barrier:
|
a. Reduced Hybrid viability: offspring of salamanders of different species produce weak offsprings.
b. Reduced Hybrid Fertility: donkey and a horse produces an infertile mule. c. Hybrid breakdown: First generation of some strains of rice of different species often have a healthy first generation offspring, but 2nd and 3rd generation become weaker. |
|
|
Ectoderm can gives rise to?
|
Central nervous system
|
|
|
Endoderm lines the?
|
devel;oping digestive tube archenteron, digestive tract, liver and lungs.
|
|
|
Mesoderms forms
|
muscles and organs between digestive tract and outer covering of animals.
|
|
|
Examples of Mollusca
|
snails, clams, squids and octopuses
|
|
|
Examples of Annelida
|
Earthworms, leeches
|
|
|
Examples of Nematoda
|
Round worms
|
|
|
Exaples of Arthropoda
|
Spiders, scorpions, lobsters, insects
|
|
|
Four key characters of chordates:
|
– Notochord
– Dorsal, hollow nerve cord – Pharyngeal slits or clefts – Muscular, post-anal tail |
|
|
Describe 5 types of prezygotic barriers and give examples
|
a. Habitat Isolation: two garter snakes, one lives in water and the other on land.
b. Temporal Isolation: Breeding in different time of day, month or season..... eastern spotted skunk breeds in winter, while the western spotted skunk breeds in the summer. c. Behavioral isolation: Blue-footed boobies have special mating courtship. d. Mechanical isolation: two snails with spirals that go in opposite direction have sex organs that are incompatible. e.Gametic isolation: gametes of red and purple sea urchins are unable to fuse to produce offdpring. |
|
|
Describe and give 3 examples of postzygotic barrier:
|
a. Reduced Hybrid viability: offspring of salamanders of different species produce weak offsprings.
b. Reduced Hybrid Fertility: donkey and a horse produces an infertile mule. c. Hybrid breakdown: First generation of some strains of rice of different species often have a healthy first generation offspring, but 2nd and 3rd generation become weaker. |
|
|
Ectoderm can gives rise to?
|
Central nervous system
|
|
|
Endoderm lines the?
|
devel;oping digestive tube archenteron, digestive tract, liver and lungs.
|
|
|
Mesoderms forms
|
muscles and organs between digestive tract and outer covering of animals.
|
|
|
Examples of Mollusca
|
snails, clams, squids and octopuses
|
|
|
Examples of Annelida
|
Earthworms, leeches
|
|
|
Examples of Nematoda
|
Round worms
|
|
|
Exaples of Arthropoda
|
Spiders, scorpions, lobsters, insects
|
