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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Photosythesis
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The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria transform light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of sugars made from carbon dioxide and water.
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Chloroplasts
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An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists. Enclosed by two concentric membranes, a chloroplast absorbs sunlight and uses it to power the synthesis or organic food molecules (sugars).
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Chlorophyll
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A light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy.
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Stomata/Stoma
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A pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf. When stomata are open, CO2 enters the leaf, and water and O2 exit. A plant conserves water when its stomata are closed.
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Stroma
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A thick fluid enclosed by the inner membrane of a chloroplasts. Sugars are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin Cycle.
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Thylakoids
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One of a number of disk-shaped membranous sacs inside a chloroplast. Their membranes contain chlorophyll and the enzymes of the light reactions of photosynthesis. A stack of these is called a granum.
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Grana/Granum
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A stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. The sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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Light Reactions
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The first of two stages in photosynthesis, the steps in which solar energy is absorbed and converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. This stage powers the sugar-producing Calvin cycle byt produce no sugar themselves.
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NADPH
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An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis. Light drives electrons from chlorophyll to NADP+, forming this, which provides the high energy electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the Calvin cycle.
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Calvin Cycle
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The second of two stages of photosynthesis; a cyclic series of chemical reactions that occur in the stroma of a chloroplast, using the carbon in O2 and the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions to make the energy-rich sugar molecule G3P, which is later used to produce glucose
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Wavelength
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The distance between crests of adjacent waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Electromagnetic spectrum
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The full range of radiation, from the very short wavelengths of gamma rays to the very long wavelengths of radio signals.
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Chlorophyll a
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A green pigment in chloroplasts that participates directly in the light reactions
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Photon
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A fixed quantity of light energy. The shorter the wavelength of light, the greater the energy of a photon.
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Photosystem
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A light-harvesting unit of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; consists of several hundred antenna molecules, a reaction-center chlorophyll, and a primary electron acceptor
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Reaction Center
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In a photosystem in a chloroplast, the chlorophyll a molecule and primary electron acceptor that rigger the light reactions of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll donates and electron excited by light energy to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.
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Primary Electron Acceptor
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A molecule in the reaction center of a photosystem that traps the light-excited electron from the reaction center chlorophyll.
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C4 Plants
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A plants that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
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CAM Plants
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A plant that uses the following adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions: carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic compounds, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.
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C3 Plants
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A plants that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, first forming a three-carbon compound.
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