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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA technology
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Methods used to study or manipulate genetic material
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Biotechnology
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The manipulation of living organisms to perform useful tasks. Today, biotechnology often involves DNA technology.
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Recombinant DNA
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A DNA molecule carrying genes derived from two or more sources, often from different species.
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Genetic Engineering
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The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
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Vaccine
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A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen (a disease-causing virus or organism) used to stimulate a host organism's immune system to mount a long-term defense against the pathogen.
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Genetically Modified (GM) Organisms
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An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means. If the gene is from another organism, typically of another species, the recombinant organism is also known as a transgenic organism.
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Transgenic Organism
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An organism that contains genes from another organism, typically of another species.
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Plasmid
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A small ring of self-replicating DNA separate form the chromosome(s). Found in Prokaryotes and yeasts.
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Gene Cloning
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The production of multiple copies of a gene.
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Vectors
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A piece of DNA, usually a plasmid or a viral genome, that is used to move genes from one cell to another.
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Restriction Enzymes
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A bacterial enzyme that cuts up foreign DNA at one very specific nucleotide sequence, thus protecting bacteria against intruding DNA from phages and other organisms. Restriction enzymes are used in DNA technology to cut DNA molecules in reproducible ways.
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Restriction Fragments
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A molecule of DNA produced from a longer DNA molecule cut up by a restriction enzyme; used in genome mapping and other applications.
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DNA ligase
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An enzyme, essential for DNA replication, that catalyzes the covalent bonding of adjacent DNA nucleotides; used in genetic engineering to paste a specific piece of DNA containing a gene of interest into a bacterial plasmid or other vector.
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Genomic Library
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The entire collection of DNA segments from an organism's genome. Each section is usually carried by a plasmid or phage.
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Nucleic Acid Probe
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In DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to find a specific gene or other nucleotide sequence within a mass of DNA. The probe hydrogen- bonds to the complementary sequence in the targeted DNA.
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DNA Profiling
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A procedure that analyzes an individual's unique collection of genetic markers using PCR and gel electrophoresis. DNA profiling can be used to determine whether two samples of genetic material were derived from the same individual.
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Forensics
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The scientific analysis of evidence for crime scene investigations and other legal proceedings.
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Genetic Markers
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1. An allele tracked in a genetic study. 2. A specific section of DNA that contains a particular allele; may contain specific restriction sites (points where restriction enzymes cut the DNA) that occurs only in DNA that contains the allele.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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A technique used to obtain many copies of a DNA molecule or many copies of part of a DNA molecule. A small amount of DNA mixed with the enzyme DNA polymerase, DNA nucleotides, and a few other ingredients replicates repeatedly in a test tube.
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Repetitive DNA
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Nucleotide sequences that are present in many copies in the DNA of a genome. The repeated sequences may be long or short and may be located next to each other or dispersed in the DNA.
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Short Tandem Repeat (STR)
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DNA consisting of tandem (in a row) repeats of a short sequence of nucleotides.
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STR Analysis
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A method of DNA profiling that compares the lengths of STR sequences at specific sites in the genome.
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Genomics
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The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions.
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Human Genome Project
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An international collaborative effort that sequenced the DNA of the entire human genome.
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Proteomics
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The systematic study of the full protein sets (preteomes) encoded by genomes.
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Human Gene Therapy
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A recombinant DNA procedure intended to treat disease by altering an afflicted person's genes.
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