Campbell Biology Ch 12

Front 1

Chromatin

Back 1

- building material of chromosomes
- complex of DNA and proteins

Front 2

Chromosomes

Back 2

- consist of one very long, linear DNA molecules with many protiens

Front 3

Duplicated chromosome

Back 3

- consists of two sister chromatids connected by sister chromatid cohesion
- each contains a copy of the DNA molecule

Front 4

Chromatid

Back 4

- sister chromatids: joined copies of the original chromosome

Front 5

Centrosome

Back 5

- subcellular region containing material that functions thorough the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules

Front 6

Spindle Pole

Back 6

where microtubules connect and extend from

Front 7

Kinetochore

Back 7

- a structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at each centromere
- some spindle microtubules attach
- each sister chromatid has one

Front 8

Chromatin Condensation (tight packing)

Back 8

- begins during prophase when the chromosomes become visible

Front 9

Chromosome Decondensation (unpacking)

Back 9

- during telophase when chromosomes become less condensed

Front 10

Prophase

Back 10

Step 1 of mitosis
- chromosomes condense
- nucleoli disappear
- miotic spindle begins to form

Front 11

Prometaphase

Back 11

Step 2 of mitosis
- nuclear envelope fragments and microtubules extend from each pole
- some attach to one kinetochore on each chromosome

Front 12

Metaphase

Back 12

Step 3 of mitosis
- chromosomes convene at the metaphase plate

Front 13

Anaphase

Back 13

Step 4 of mitosis
- sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
- the cell elongates

Front 14

Telophase

Back 14

Step 5 of mitosis
- daughter nuclei form
- nucleoli reappear
- chromosomes decondense

Front 15

Cytokenisis

Back 15

in animals:
- a cleavage furrow forms

in plants:
- a cell plate forms to become a cell wall

Front 16

Mitosis

Back 16

- 10% of cell cycle
- used for growth, repair/regeneration
- occurs in somatic (body) cells
- produces daughter cells identical to the parent

Front 17

Meiosis

Back 17

- used for reproduction only
- produces daughter cells with 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the parent

Front 18

M phase

Back 18

miotic phase
- includes both mitosis and cytokinesis
- usually the shortest part of the cell cycle
- alternates with the much longer interphase (90% of cycle)

Front 19

Interphase

Back 19

- 90% of cell cycle
- the cell that is about to divide grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for division

Front 20

G1 Phase

Back 20

First gap of interphase: longest part
- cell grows to functional size
- makes enzymes
- makes nucleotides (building materials)

Front 21

S Phase

Back 21

Synthesis of interphase
- chromosomes are copied (DNA synthesis)

Front 22

G2 Phase

Back 22

Second gap of interphase
- cell grows even more
- centrosome is duplicated (for microtubules)

Front 23

Frequencies of mitosis

Back 23

1) continuous -> skin, blood, GI tract cells (can re-enter cell cycle at G0)
2) based on need -> liver (can re-enter cell cycle at G0)
3) rare/never -> neurons, muscle cells (permanent G0 in an adult)
-- most human cells are in G0

Front 24

person who credited with first recognizing that living cells cannot arise spontaneously

Back 24

Rudolf Virchow

Front 25

the function of the mitotic cell cycle is to produce daughter cells that

Back 25

are genetically identical to the parent cell

Front 26

the complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaroytic chromosome is properly called

Back 26

chromatin

Front 27

the region a chromosome holding the two double strands or replicated DNA together is called

Back 27

centromere

Front 28

the centime is a region in which

Back 28

sister chromatids are attached to one another in prophase

Front 29

how many maternal chromosomes are present in a somatic human cell not engaged in cell divsion

Back 29

23

Front 30

cytokinesis refers to

Back 30

division on the cytoplasm

Front 31

chromatids are

Back 31

identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromsome

Front 32

DNA in cells double during which phase

Back 32

g1 and g2 phases

Front 33

during interphase the genetic material of a typical eukayortic cell is

Back 33

dispersed in the nucleus as long strands of chromatin

Front 34

DNA relpication occurs in

Back 34

the s phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells

Front 35

if a somatic human cell in just about to divide it has

Back 35

92 chormosomes

Front 36

what does NOT occur during mitosis

Back 36

replication of chromsomes

Front 37

during what phase in the cell cycle would you find the most DNA per cell

Back 37

G2

Front 38

in telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. this is essentially the opposite of what happens in

Back 38

prophase

Front 39

which of the following phases of mitosis is essentially the opposite of pro metaphase in terms of the nuclear enevelope

Back 39

telophase

Front 40

when to the centrosomes seperate

Back 40

prophase

Front 41

following cytokinesis in an animal cell, how many centrioles does each new daughter cell poseses

Back 41

two

Front 42

the phase of mitosis during which the chromosome move toward the separate poles of the cell is

Back 42

anaphase

Front 43

one even occurring during g prophase is

Back 43

the beginning of the formation of a spindle appatatus

Front 44

during which stage of the cell cyle do sister chromatids seperate

Back 44

anaphase

Front 45

in animal cell mitosis the cleavage furrow forms during which stage of the cell cyle

Back 45

cytokensis

Front 46

at which stage of mitosis are chromosomes lined up in the one plane in preparation for their separation to opposite poles of the cell

Back 46

metaphase

Front 47

you would know a dividing cell was a plant cell rather than an animal cell if you saw that

Back 47

it had formed a cell plate

Front 48

what process doe not occur in diving bacteria

Back 48

mitosis

Front 49

during binary fission in bacterium

Back 49

the origins of replication move apart

Front 50

when a cell in S phase is fused with a cell in G1

Back 50

DNA synthesis begins immediacy in the original G1 nucleus

Front 51

what would be unlikely to sees a human cell dividing

Back 51

nerve cell

Front 52

bio

Back 52

chapter 12