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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was different about life in Britain than in Italy?
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had to endure weather, distance from towns, unfamiliar Celtic customs, isolation from friends, especially lack of urban amenities as most inhabitants of Roman Britain lived in countryside
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What would typical small farm of native Briton provide
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basic needs of farmer, family, slaves, perhaps little surplus for trade
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What would typical farmhouse be like
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single room, circular to minimize heat loss
walls made of wattle and daub attached to wooden frame steeply sloping thatched roof allowed rain and snow to run off quickly no windows, one low, narrow doorway, so most light from heating and cooking fire in ceter of smoky room |
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how did Romans influence the farmhouse
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30 years after 43 ad Roman invasion, simple Romano-British "villas" began appearing. 4-5 rooms, sometimes linked by corridor. built mainly of timber, wattle, daub, thatch roof, but also used new Roman tools, new building methods, new materials (brick and tile). likely that Britons were attempting to imitate lifestyle of Roman conquerors
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how did villas advance
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more complicated design, built of cut stone and cement; grandest with long colonnades, under-floor heating, ornamental garden, mosaics, wall paintings, flushing toilets, glass windows, complete set of baths
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what would owner look for in choosing a place to build a villa
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attractive surroundings, practical advantages such as nearby running water supply and shelter from cold north and east winds
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what were main crops
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cereal grains: barley, oats, rye, especially wheat, seeds of all accidentally charred and thus preserved in earth
many fruits and vegetables grown including some (cherries and peas) brought by Romans |
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what animals were on British farms
what did they provide |
cattle sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, horses, geese, hens
provided food (meat, milk, eggs) transport, wool or leather clothing, fertilizer, bone. Bees kept for honey (no sugar) |
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what were results of good iron tools, heavier plow, and Roman introduction of drainage tiles and dikes
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grain yields increased, it was possible to expand farming into marshes
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how did villas get what they weren't able to produce
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trading grain leather, meat, timber, honey for shellfish, salt, wine, pottery, ironware
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who oversaw large villa
what were responsibilities |
farm manager or overseer, often slave
responsible for buying goods not available on villa and looking after buildings and slaves |
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what industries did country estates fuel
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market-gardening, fruit-growing, wool and dye industry, potteries, tileries, raising of British hunting dogs
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how did one landowner describe slaves
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"farming equipment with voices"
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where did slaves come from
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Celtic chieftains used and traded slaves taken in raids and inter-tribal warfare.
most farm slaves would be British, while skilled house slaves would be imported from abroad |
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how did conditions differ
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slaves working land (most slaves) had much harsher lives than domestic slaves and mining slaves lived harshest life of all
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describe mining slaves
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most sent as punishment, conditions so bad seen as death sentence. some slaves were kept in chains. slaves worked in state operated iron works, tin, silver, gold mines and weaving mills tileries, potteries
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how did law protect slaves
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any owner who killed sick slave could be charged with murder, but these laws wide ignored until first century A.D. when slaves became increasingly scarce and expensive
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