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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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For topical medication, why administer one drop at a time then wait?
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The eye can only handle one drop at a time
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List three types of solutions for topical medications and order of duration of effects
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drop->oil->ointment: watery last the shortest, then oil, then ointment due to an increase in contact time.
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What structures of the eye can topical medications treat?
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eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, anterior uvea
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what is the main source of resistance for topical treatment, why?
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epithelium: fat-water-fat sandwich: need biphasic medications
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what factors can alter efficacy of topical medications
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ulcer may decrease the resistance allowing medication to reach target quicker
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How do subconjuctival injections differ from topical adminstration?
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given in bulbar conjuctiva as injection - medication stays and slowly leaks - decrease total volume needed - increases efficacy
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what features of the eye are treated with subconjuctival adminstrations?
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cornea, anterior uvea, anterior vitreous, sclera
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What are retrobulbar medications used for?
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primarily used for anesthesia in large animals
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Where are intraocular injections made, and what makes them unique compared to other routes of administration?
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aqueous or vitreous - use much smaller dosages of medication - ug's not mg's
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What does systemic adminstration treat?
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eyelids!! treat the back of the eye -> does not penetrate anterior segment: retina, optic nerve, vitreous
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When is a subpalpebral lavage ideal?
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through eyelid of horse to give multiple dosages, mix medications, frequent therapy
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How does ocular inflammation affect drug absorption?
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enhances absorption
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What is the main site of resistance for drug penetration?
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corneal epithelium
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What structures are treated with topical medications?
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eyelids, conjuctiva, cornea, iris, anterior uvea
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What are the maximum volumes of drugs that can be administered to dogs, cats, horses, and cows via subconjuctical administration?
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dogs and cats -> 0.25 mL
horses and cows -> 1.0 mL |
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What structures are treated with subconjuctical administration?
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cornea, anterior uvea, anterior vitreous, sclera
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Systemic administration is required for treatment of what structures?
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retina, optic nerve, and vitreous
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Miotic drugs cause what?
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results in pupillary constriction, cilliary muscle contraction, and increased aqeous outlfow, vasodilation of blood vessels of conjuctiva, etc
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Mydriatic drugs cause what?
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- dilation of the pupil by sympathomimetic or parasympatholytic action
- decreases aqueous production - indicated for glaucoma |
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic actions on pupils is....?
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S: pupil dilation
P: pupil constriction |
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What do beta blockers and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists do?
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- decreased formation of cAMP (a2 via inhibit NE)
- results in reduced formation of aqueous humor |
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What is in the triple antibiotic combination?
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neomycin, polymyxin, and bacitracin
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What is the drug of choice for treating Mycoplasma and Chlamydia conjuctivitis in the feline and caprine species?
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tetracyclines
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What antibiotic has been shown to cause retinal degeneration in cats?
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Baytril (R) (enrofloxacin) - recommended dosage is now 5 mg/kg down from 10
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What is the only currently approved medication for opthalmic fungal infections?
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Natamycin
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What is the drug of choice for topical use in subpalpebral lavage unit?
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voriconazole, an imidazole - for treatment of fungal keratitis - has excellent corneal penetration
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