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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are "hot spots"? what causes them?
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pyotraumatic dermatitis
self trauma |
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what are some causes of the self trauma leading to hot spots?
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FLEAS
anal sac problems ear problems irritants |
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T/F animals with light hair coats are predisposed to hot spots
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FALSE
dense coats |
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T/F hot spots can pop up very quickly
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true.
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what's the best way to treat hot spots?
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find/correct underlying cause
clip and clean astringent corticosteroids oral pred for the itching e-collar |
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when do you want to use systemic antibiotics with hot spots? which ones?
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if there are satellite lesions or folliculitis
clavamox, cephalexin, clindamycin |
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what is intertrigo? what are some causes on a macroscopic level?
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friction from skin surfaces rubbing together
breed standards, obesity, skin thickening from chronic inflammation |
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what are the microscopic causes of intertrigo?
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glandular secretions get trapped
bugs break down sebum and make stinky stuff |
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what are examples of locations for intertrigo?
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lip folds
facial folds vulvar folds tail folds body folds |
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what's the treatment for intertrigo?
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correct fold (else will be lifelong issue)
clip hair remove surface debris topical anti-inflammatory |
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impetigo: who gets it, how contagious is it, what conditions lead to it?
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young animals
not contagious dirty environment, poor nutrition |
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how can kittens get impetigo?
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overzealous licking by mom
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what do the lesions look like for impetigo? do they hurt/itch?
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nonfollicular pustules
nonpainful, nonpruritic |
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how do you diagnose impetigo?
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history/clinical signs
cytology of pustular exudate |
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how do you treat impetigo?
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usually fixes itself
to speed up: topical abx clav, ceph etc creams or shampoos |
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recurrent superficial staph pyoderma aka superficial bacterial folliculitis
who gets it? what does it look like? |
DOGS not really cats
looks like ringworm! |
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what's the bug involved in superficial staph pyoderma? where does it come from?
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s. pseudintermedius. it's normal flora so infection usually DUE TO AN UNDERLYING DISORDER
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what are some underlying causes of superficial staph pyoderma?
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HS disorders
keratinization disorders metabolic immune def. |
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T/F primary infections of superficial staph pyoderma are rare
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true.
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what happens within a few weeks to a month of stopping abx with superficial staph pyoderma?
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recurrent 2ndary infections
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what do haired areas look/feel like with superficial bacterial folliculitis?
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bumpy
small , raised fur tufts "moth - eaten" pustule with HAIR IN CENTER |
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what's a good way to find the underlying cause of superficial bacterial folliculitis?
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locations of the lesion
axillary/inguinal= HS disorder truncal/endocrine = metabolic |
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how do you diagnose superficial bacterial folliculitis?
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cytology, skin scrape, fungal culture, biopsy, C+S if it's recurrent
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how long should you treat superficial bacterial folliculitis? what should you avoid?
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systemic abx for at least 21 days
treat 7 days past clinical cure avoid steroids |
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with recurrent superficial bacterial folliculitis, how often should you bath them? what else can you do?
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2-3 times a week
immune stimulant like staphage lysate or IFN-alpha. |
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what are nasal, juvenile, interdigital, and callus pyodermas examples of?
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DEEP pyodermas
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nasal folliculitis/furunculosis: onset, signs and causes
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acute, painfule papules and crusts on the bridge of nose
probably local trauma or insect bite |
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who is predisposed to nasal pyodermas?
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dolichocephalics
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list some differentials for nasal pyoderma
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insect (eosinophilic folliculitis)
immune (pemphigus/discoid lupus) sunburn trauma neoplasm |
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what is juvenile cellulitis?
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not really bacterial, unknown etiology, maybe HS rxn or possibly hereditary
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who is predisposed to juvenile cellulitis?
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young, short coated breeds
dachshunds and goldens |
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what does juvenile cellulitis look like?
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acute facial swelling, inflammation, pain. papules, pustules, purulent exudate. abcesses may open and drain
giant submand and prescap LNs |
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how do you diagnose juvenile cellulitis?
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rule out demodex
usually negative culture results early history/clin signs C+S |
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how do you treat juvenile cellulitis?
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oral corticosteroids
abx do not work! clean lesions astringent soaks systemic abx to prevent 2ndary infections |
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what's the most common pyoderma bacT in cats and dogs?
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staph pseudintermedius, some proteus and pseudomonas
p. multocida in cats |
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what are the 2 normal flora in both cats and dogs?
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dogs = s. pseudintermedius, s. schleiferi
cats = p. multocida, s. aureus |
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what are transient bacteria?
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contaminants from environment, do not multiply and don't hang around long.
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give examples of transient bacT in dogs and cats.
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dogs - pseudomonas, proteus, myco
cats - myco |
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T/F intracellular cocci and degenerate neutrophils are NOT signs of a bacterial skin infection.
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false.
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T/F you want to treat bacterial pyoderma with systemic antibiotics
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true.
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penicillin is active mainly against gram + or -?
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+
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when do you want to STOP pyodermal treatment?
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1-2 weeks AFTER clinical cure. VIP.
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what are 3 narrow spectrum drugs to use for gram+ infections?
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lincomycin
erythromycin clindamycin |
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what 3 drugs do you want to use for recurrent skin infections?
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clavamox
cephalexin cefodoxime proxetil |
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what 2 drug classes do you use for mixed/deep infections?
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fluoroquinolones
aminoglycosides |
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s. schleiferi is found on a dog/cat, what do you do?
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culture and sensivity to avoid resistant strains!
4x the MIC dosage. |
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what 4 kinds of drugs are in shampoos?
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benzoyl peroxide
chlorhexidine ethyl lactate monosaccharides |
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which shampoo drug is ototoxic?
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chlorhexidine so don't use in ears if eardrum is ruptured.
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name 3 functions of the skin
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enclosing barrier
secretory/excretory sensory |
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list the 3 layers of the skin
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epidermis (corneum>lucidum>granulosum>spinosum>basale)
basal lamina dermis (collagen, ground substance, glands) |
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what's the 1 most important diagnostic aid in dermatology?
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history!
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what are the stages of the hair cycle?
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anagen = growth
catagen = transition telogen = resting |
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what influences the hair cycle?
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light
pregnancy n' parturition disease states endocrine (sex hormones + steroids) thyroxine |
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which diagnostic test has the best cost:benefit ratio?
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???????
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what's an anagen:telogen ratio, and what does it tell you about an animal?
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helps determine the cause of alopecia
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how is the skin antimicrobial?
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dry, physical barrier
fatty acids inorganic salts pH IgG's and complement resident microflora |
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list the functions of the hair coat.
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???
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define macule/patch
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round FLAT change in skin coloration
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define urticaria
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hives
dark, red pruritic bumps |
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define papule
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small solid elevation of the skin
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define pustule
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small elevation w' neutrophils
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define epidermal collarette
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peeling edge of epithelium surrounding an erosion or ulcer
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define furunculosis
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draining tract secondary to ruptured follicles
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define abcess
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accumulation of inflammatory cells and necrotic debris
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define excoriation
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superficial abrasion from self trauma
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define erosion/ulcer
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break in epidermis extending to dermis
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define lichenification
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thickening of the skin
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define hyperkeratosis
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thickened s. corneum
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define comedo
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dilated hair follicle
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give 2 examples of alopecic disease
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1) hairs epilate easily
2) "" don't |
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what exactly are dermatophytes?
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keratinophilic fungal organisms that feed on the stratum corneum, nails and anagen hair
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where do dermatophytes migrate to?
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the keratogenous zone of the hair (adamson's fringe)
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T/F dermatophytes make toxins and also suppress CMI
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true.
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how are dermatophytes transmitted? can it be in the environment?
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by contact only!
yes, hair shafts laying around can be infectious for months. |
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what is the cat dermatophyte and the most common cause?
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microsporum canis
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what is the soil dermatophyte?
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microsporum gypseum
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what is the rodent dermatophyte?
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trichophyton mentagrophytes
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what are the 3 dispositions for dermatophytosis?
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age
poor immune system genetics |
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what are some factors that can suppress the immune system and predispose to dermatophytes?
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FeLV, FIV, cancer, poor nutrition, drugs, metabolic disease
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T/F EVERY dermatophyte species can be contagious
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true.
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T/F dermatophytes are in dogs more than cats.
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false.
cats more than dogs. |
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describe the classic dermatophyte lesion.
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annular area of peripherally expanding alopecia, scale, crust, papules, pustules on the face limbs, paws, and tail.
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what are some other dermatophyte lesions aside from the "classic" lesion?
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nasal folliculitis and furunculosis
generalized seborrhea nail infection (onychomycosis) |
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____________ dermatophytosis is more common in cats.
what does this mean? |
generalized.
alopecia, folliculitis, scale, crust |
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T/F dermatophytes also cause miliary dermatitis in cats.
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false.
not really, usually from fleas. |
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what's the MOST reliable test to diagnose dermatophytosis and where's the best place to get it?
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fungal culture
on the CHIN. |
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what is a Wood's lamp? how reliable is it?
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fluoresces infected hairs yellow-green
not really great. only some strains glow and only about 50% of m. canis. |
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how would you microscopically examine hair for dermatophytes?
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clear the keratin 10-20% KOH, hairs will be larger and fragmented with a loss of definition between parts.
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where should you pluck the hairs from for a fungal culture?
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the periphery of a lesion
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what do you grow fungal cultures on? what's a + look like?
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DTM (dermatophyte test medium)
media turns RED 10-14d for dermatophytes |
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T/F you shouldn't rely on color changes of the DTM do diagnose a dermatophyte infection.
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true.
must ID it though morphologic/microscopic characteristics |
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Do dermatophytes spontaneously resolve?
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if local in healthy dogs or shorthair cats.
not with a general infection not with m. gypseum, persicolor |
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what are the goals for dermatophyte treatment?
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correct underlying problem
reduce spread hasted resolution of infection |
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what's the most effective topical tx for dermatophyte infection?
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lime sulfur dip
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how long should you continue dermatophyte treatment?
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until 3 negative cultures.
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T/F you should clip animals with dermatophyte infections
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true.
controversial but recommended. |
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what's an alternative to the lime sulfur dip and what's the problem?
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chlorhexidine + miconazole
$$$$$$$$$$ |
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when do you want to do systemic tx for dermatophytes?
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multifocal lesions
all long haired animals CATS if no response w/ 2-4 weeks topical tx |
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what's the main systemic dermatophyte tx? what's the drawback?
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griseofulvin
bone marrow suppression |
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when should you NOT use griseofulvin for dermatophyte tx?
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FeLV or other immune suppressing diseases
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what are other drugs besides griseofulvin to treat dermatophytes?
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ketoconazole or itraconazole
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what's the big side effect of using ketoconazole?
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its bad for the liver so hepatitis can happen.
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how do you decontaminate the environment for treating dermatophytes?
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destroy all animal possessions
vacuum all surfaces steam clean carpet bleach all non-sensitive surfaces |
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how do you treat a cattery for dermatophy infection?
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stop breeding
have 3 rooms for separate classes topical + systemic for all animals topical for new/transitioning cats tx till ALL cats are 3x neg culture |
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T/F vaccinating for dermatophytes are cool.
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false
not protective. |
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what is sporotrichosis? what's the treatment?
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"rose bush dermatitis"
itraconazole ZOONOTIC. |
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what are the aquatic fungi?
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oomycetes ie pythium
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what dogs are predisposed to aquatic fungi?
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german shepherds
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what causes "swamp cancer"?
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pythium! aquatic fungi
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what meds do you treat pythium with?
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itraconazole + terbenafine but they're probably not going to make it
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WHERE is blasto mainly found and what are the lesions?
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nitrogen rich soil (guano or bird poo)
nodular skin lesions, draining tracts, abscesses |
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what are 2 tx for blasto?
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both conazoles
amphoteracin B |
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where does histo mainly act and what is the tx?
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GI/respiratory more than skin
itraconazole, ampho B |
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where does coccidiodes hang out?
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sandy alkaline soil, warm temps, low rain
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who mainly gets coccidiodes? what are the lesions?
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young, male dogs (cats rare)
coughing, dyspnea, fever, anorexia and skin lesions |
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how do you diagnose coccidiodes?
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history of travel to southwest
biopsy cytology unreliable |
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how do you treat coccidiodes?
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conazoles and ampho B
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who gets crypto commonly and from where?
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cats, from pigeon poo.
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what are some skin lesions for crypto and what other 2 systems can be involved?
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nodules, ulcers
ocular and neuro. |
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when does malassezia dermatitis happen?
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opportunistically, when resistance is decreased!
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what are 4 predisposing factors to malassezia?
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humidity
immune dysfunction genetic HS disorders |
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since malassezia is normal flora, how can you tell on cytology that its causing a problem?
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if there's neutrophils or a ton of malassezia
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T/F malassezia dermatitis is non-pruritic
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FALSE. it's hella pruritic
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T/F about half of malassezia patients have bacterial pyoderma too
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true.
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how do you diagnose malassezia?
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impression swab, skin scrape
response to anti-yeast therapy |
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T/F griseofulvin ONLY works on dermatophytes
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true.
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what's the major treatment for malassezia?
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FIX THE UNDERLYING CAUSE!
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what's the topical/systemic treatment for malassezia? how long do you treat?
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antifungal creams/lotions/shampoo/dips
conazoles systemically NOT griseofulvin 1-2 weeks past cure |
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look at these 4 important flea species
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ctenocephalides felis/canis
echidnophaga gallinacea pulex |
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which is the "face flea" or the "stick tight" flea?
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echidnophaga gallinacea
poultry flea! |
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T/F flea eggs are sticky and they hatch in about 3 weeks after laying
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false.
non-sticky and 1-10 days |
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T/F flea larvae are NONparasitic
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true.
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what do flea larvae eat and how long does this stage laft?
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debris and dried blood
5-11 days |
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what does pupae emergence depend on?
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temp and pressure
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T/F the flea pupa is very resistant to drugs and drying out.
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true.
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what's the ideal temp for fleas?
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65-80
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T/F dogs can become tolerant to flea bites
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true.
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what are the 2 types of HS reactions associated with flea bites?
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T I
T IV IgE and basophils |
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where on dogs and cats do clinical signs of flea bite HS show?
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caudal 1/3 of body
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look at a these rule outs for flea bite hypersensitivity.
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other HS: atopy, food allergy
bacterial folliculitis sarcoptes malassezia dermatophyte mycoses drug rxn cheyletiellosis |
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is an intradermal skin test really good for diagnosing flea bite sensitivity?
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only if they got the type 1.
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what are cholinesterase inhibitors used for? what are 2 types and which is bad for cats?
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flea control
1) organophosphates (kill cats) 2) carbamates |
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what is the product in the majority of OTC dog flea meds?
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permethrins!
synthetic pyrethins kills cats |
