Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the prognostic factors for canine oral melanoma?
|
bad if: metastasis, greater than 2 cm diameter, caudal site, bony lysis, high grade, high mitotic index
|
|
|
What new treatment is there for oral melanoma?
|
DNA tyrosinase vaccine
|
|
|
Where are non-tonsillar/non-lingual SCCs found?
|
gingiva, rostral to canine teeth
|
|
|
What is teh biologic behavior of non-tonsillar/non-lingual SCCs?
|
Locally aggressive, Infrequently metastasize locally or distantly, invade bone if in mandible or maxilla
|
|
|
What treatment doesn't work on oral fibrosarcoma?
|
Chemo
|
|
|
Where is oral fibrosarcoma often found?
|
Maxilla
|
|
|
What is the biologic behavior of canine oral fibrosarcoma?
|
Low metastatic rate,happens late in disease to Lymph nodes. frequent bony invasion
|
|
|
What kills dogs with oral fibrosarcoma?
|
local disease
|
|
|
What kind of lingual tumors do dogs usually get?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma. Can also be melanoma
|
|
|
How much do lingual tumors metastasize in dogs?
|
A moderate amount (intermediate)
|
|
|
Where do epulides arise from?
|
Periodontal ligament (benign gingival proliferation)
|
|
|
What kind of epulides invades bone?
|
Acanthomatous
|
|
|
Where do acanthomatous epulides tend to be?
|
Rostral mandible
|
|
|
Where do epulides arise?
|
maxillary premolars
|
|
|
How are oral tumors treated?
|
All the same- surgery with 2 cm margins. Take bone. Extirpate lymph nodes. Radiation for dirty margins or non-resectable tumors.
|
|
|
Which oral tumors are responsive to radiation?
|
SCC and acanthomatous epulides
|
|
|
What radiation protocol works best for melanoma?
|
Coarse fractions
|
|
|
Which oral tumors are responsive to chemo?
|
Melanoma-30% response to carboplatin
SCC- some response to peroxicam/carboplatin |
|
|
What are the most common oral tumors in cats?
|
SCC (70%)
|
|
|
Where do SCCs arise in cats?
|
sublingual, bone, gingival
|
|
|
What is teh biologic behavior of oral SCC and fibrosarcoma in cats?
|
Bony involvement common, metastasis uncommon
SCC has fast local progression |
|
|
How do you treat cat oral tumors?
|
Only 10% are surgical Can remove if small and rostral, need 2-3 cm margins.
|
|
|
What are the most common intestinal tumors in dogs?
|
adenocarcinoma and lymphoma. Also get leimyosarcoma and GIST
|
|
|
What are the most common intestinal tumors in cats?
|
Lymphoma. Also get adenocarcinoma and a little bit of mast cell tumors.
|
|
|
How do you treat intestinal carcinomas?
|
Surgically excise with 5 cm margins. (more caudal are less aggressive)
|
|
|
Do intestinal carcinomas metastasize?
|
Yes. 50% metastasize to lymph nodes
|
|
|
How do intestinal sarcomas behave, compared to intestinal carcinomas?
|
They are slower to invade and metastasize.
|
|
|
How do you treat intestinal lymphoma?
|
Chemo. In dog, mean survival time is only 4 months. In cats 1 year.
|
|
|
What causes periana adenomas?
|
Testosterone
|
|
|
How do you treat periana adenomas?
|
Neuter dog. May just regress
|
|
|
What are teh forms of perianal tumors?
|
Adenoma and adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Do perianal adenocarcinomas metastasize?
|
Yes. To lymph nodes and occasionally lungs.
|
|
|
How do you treat perianal adenocarcinomas?
|
Surgery. Maybe radiation.
|
|
|
Do AGASACAs metastasize?
|
Yes, commonly to lymph nodes, later to lungs.
|
|
|
If a cat has bilateral kidney tumors, what kind of cancer does it have?
|
Lymphoma
|
|
|
If the cat's got unilateral kidney tumor, what is it probably?
|
Carcinoma
|
|
|
WHere does renal lymphoma tend to metastasize in the cat?
|
CNS. Can get hind limb paralysis
|
|
|
What are common causes of stranguria and hematuria?
|
UTI, neoplasia, pyelonephritis, uroliths, hydroureter, ureteral stones
|
|
|
What changes would be seen in bloodwork of an animal with a urinary tumor?
|
Anemia EPO, bleeding, chronic disease), Polycythemia (EPO), Azothemia, electrolyte abnormalities, leukocytosis, high BUN with normal creatinine=ulcers
|
|
|
A dog with a bilateral renal tumor would likely have what kind of cancer?
|
66% chance carcinoma, 33% chance sarcoma
|
|
|
Where do renal tumors commonly metastasize to?
|
lymph nodes, liver. Locally invade vena cava. Cats-42% have lung mets at time of diagnosis
|
|
|
What should you not use to biopsy the kidney? Why?
|
Tru cut. Kidneys bleed a lot
|
|
|
How should you treat a cat or dog with renal lymphoma?
|
Chemo
|
|
|
How should you treat a cat or dog with renall carcinoma? Or dog with adenocarcinoma?
|
Nephrectomy after doing GFR
|
|
|
What kind of tumor are most bladder tumors?
|
Transitional cell carcinoma. Can be SCC, sarcoma or rhabdomyosarcomas
|
|
|
What dogs are predisposed to bladder tumors?
|
Scotties, West highland wheaton terriers, Beagles, shelties
|
|
|
What can you see in a UA to diagnose a bladder tumor?
|
anaplastic epithelial cells
|
|
|
Why are UTIs common findings in cases of bladder tumors?
|
Mucosa of bladder is compromised
|
|
|
How can you do a cytology on a bladder tumor?
|
Traumatic catheterization. No FNA! TUMOR SEEDING
|
|
|
How can you biopsy a bladder?
|
Traumatic catheterization, surgical biopsy (also get lymph nodes), cytoscopy
|
|
|
Where do cat bladder tumors arise?
|
50% APICAL, 50% TRIGONE
|
|
|
Where do dog bladder tumors arise?
|
Trigone
|
|
|
Do bladder tumors metastasize?
|
Yes, in dogs 40% met at diagnosis. Met to lung, lymph nodes, bone. Cats- 20% met at diagnosis
|
|
|
How do you treat bladder tumors in cats?
|
Resect if localized and apical. If diffuse, treat medically
|
|
|
How do you treat bladder tumors in dogs?
|
Surgery if apical and localized. Medical if otherwise. Don't use piroxicam and cisplatin together because they are nephrotoxci. Use piroxicam and mitoxantrone
|
|
|
What are palliative treat ments for bladder tumors?
|
Tube cystotomy. Urethral stent. Radiation and mitoxantrone and piroxicam
|
|
|
What happens during G1 phase?
|
Proteins and enzymes for DNA synthesis are produced
|
|
|
What happens during S phase?
|
DNA is synthesized
|
|
|
What happens during G2 phase?
|
Proteins adn enzymes needed for protein synthesis, RNA synthesis and mitotic spindle formation are produced
|
|
|
When do non-cycle specific chemo drugs work?
|
At any point in the cell cycle
|
|
|
What are the implications of the gompertzian growth curve?
|
It's best to attack cancers with chemo while cancer is in exponential growth phase
|
|
|
What is goldie-colman?
|
Theory that in every one million cells there will be one that will develop a mutation to make it drug resistant.
|
|
|
What besides DNA mutation confers drug resistance to tumor cells?
|
Anatomic compartment (brain, eye, testes) and tumor microenvironment (interstitial fluid bathing cancer cells has high pressure and poorly organized vasculature)
|
|
|
What cell does osteosarcoma arise from?
|
osteoblast
|
|
|
What part of the bone does osteosarcoma form in?
|
Metaphysis
|
|
|
What is the anatomic location of most appendicular osteosarcoma?
|
Away from elbow, toward the knee. Plus, distal tibia
(distal radius, proximal humerus, proximal tibia) |
|
|
Which genes are frequently mutated in osteosarcoma?
|
p53 and pRB. Also c-sis, c-myc and MET (oncogenes)
|
|
|
What are poor prognostic factors in osteosarcoma?
|
Mets at diagnosis, elevated ALP, low percent tumor necrosis after chemo and radiation, increased tumor microvascular density
|
|
|
Which chemo drug should never be given to animals with marginal renal function?
|
cisplatin
|
|
|
What percent of osteosarcoma patients will go on to develop pulmonary metastatic disease if treated by surgery alone?
|
over 90%
|
|
|
What does osteosarcoma look like radiographically?
|
Bony proliferation and lysis in metaphyseal region. Cortical lysis on either side of the marrow cavity with osteoproliferation in sunburst pattern
|
|
|
What tumors cross the joint space?
|
synovial cell sarcoma
|
|
|
How do you do cytology on osteosarcoma?
|
FNA with 19 gauge needle.
|
|
|
What will you see on an osteosarcoma cytology?
|
Large immature mesenchymal cells with intracytoplasmic or extracellular osteoid.
|
|
|
What are the incisional biopsy techniques used for osteosarcoma?
|
Jamshidi or trephin
|
|
|
WHere should you biopsy osteosarcoma, why?
|
Center of lesion. Periphery is where body is trying to repair and wall off tumor- will get reactive bone.
|
|
|
Does osteosarcoma met to the lymph nodes?
|
Uncommonly
|
|
|
What is the most common site of osteosarcoma metastasis?
|
Pulmonary parenchyma.
|
|
|
What is osteosarcoma treatment?
|
Surgically resect then do 3-6 cycles of platinum or doxorubicin-based chemo
|
|
|
What is required for a limb-sparing treatment?
|
A tumor involving less than 50% of bone and no metastatic or concurrent disease
|
|
|
How much does chemo increase an animal's life span over surgery alone?
|
From 4-5 months to 10-14 months
|
|
|
When can you do a pulmonary metastatectomy?
|
When the primary tumor has been in remission for over 300 days and only 1-2 nodules are detectable and no other concurrent disease is present and there is a long tumor doubling time
|
|
|
Should radiation be given to osteosarcoma patients?
|
Can be as a palliative treatment. Improves limb function adn quality of life in 75% of pateints for 2-4 months.
|
|
|
What is bisphosphonates?
|
Antiresorptive agent
|
|
|
What i sused to control hypercalcemia of malignancy?
|
pamidronate and zoledronate
|
|
|
What is samarium EDTMP?
|
a bone-seeking therapeutic radionucleotide
|
|
|
What is the most common site of axial osteosarcoma?
|
Mandible and maxilla. Also spine, ribs, nasal and cranium
|
|
|
Which axial osteosarcoma is less likely to metastasize?
|
mandibular. Surgery alone can provide 71% with 1 year survival.
|
|
|
What site of axial osteosarcoma has the highest rate of metastasis?
|
rib
|
|
|
Where can extraskeletal osteosarcoma arise?
|
Mammary glands
|
|
|
Which form of feline lymphoma is most common?
|
GI
|
|
|
What form of lymphoma i smost common in dogs?
|
Multicentric
|
|
|
What can cause canine lymphoma?
|
viruses, environment, IBD
|
|
|
How do dogs with lymphoma usually present?
|
With lumps under chin, not acting sick
|
|
|
What is the mean survival time of a dog with GI lymphoma?
|
10-20 days
|
|
|
What is the deal with lymphom ain th eliver?
|
If it's just in the liver- very bad, if multicentric with liver enlargement- not so bad.
|
|
|
WHich form of lymphoma is most associated with FeLV in cats?
|
Mediastinal
|
|
|
Is peripheral node involvement more common in dog or cat lymphoma?
|
Dog
|
|
|
Is liver/spleen involvement more common in dog lymphom aor cat?
|
Dog
|
|
|
Do dogs or cats get GI lymphoma more?
|
Cats
|
|
|
Do dogs or cats get cutaneous lymphoma?
|
Dogs more than cats
|
|
|
What are bad prognostic factors for lymphoma in dogs?
|
hypercalcemia, over 50% of bone marrow effected, T-lymphocyte phenotype, sick at diagnosis (substage B), cranial mediastinal masses
|
|
|
If untreated how long can a dog with lymphoma live?
|
4-6 weeks
|
|
|
How long can a dog live treated with prednisone?
|
11 weeks
|
|
|
How long can a dog treated with multidrug chemo live?
|
one year
|
|
|
What are bad prognostic factors in cats?
|
FeLV+ (shorter remisison times), not responding to first few chemo treatments (only 1/3 respond)
|
|
|
Which lymphomas respond the best to treatment?
|
Nasal, peripheral nodes in dogs. Gi can be okay in cats. Renal can be okay. Mediastinal can be okay in cats. Ocular can be okay
|
|
|
Which lymphomas dont respond well to treatment?
|
GI in dogs, cutaneous, spinal, leukemia
|
|
|
What percentage blasts from lymph nodes is considered diagnostic for lymphoma?
|
over 50%
|
|
|
If you have a small cell lymphoma what is necessary for diagnosis?
|
Removign the node and seeing if architecture is destroyed
|
|
|
Why do UA for lymphoma?
|
Check for UTI because chemo will immunosuppress patient
|
|
|
What can be on a lymphoma CBC?
|
normal or cytopenias or leukemia. Immune mediated hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow involvement
|
|
|
What can you see on a lymphoma chemistry?
|
normal or organ involvement (liver enzymes), hypercalcemia, hyperproteinemia due to antibody preoduction by tumore cells
|
|
|
What staging tests shoudl you do for lymphoma?
|
Thoracic, abdominal rads, abdominal ultrasound, tissue biopsy, bone marrow aspirate
|
|
|
What percent of multicentric lymphoma patients respond to chemo?
|
65-90% with complete remission in first few weeks of chemo. Lasts 6-10 months
|
|
|
What percent of cats with GI lymphoma respond to multidrug chemo?
|
33%. 1 year mean survival time
|
|
|
What confers chemo resistance resistance to lymphoma cells?
|
P-glycoprotein pump.
|
