Cals 85

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Byte is = to...

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1 character

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bits is equal to...

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How many digits (binary digits)

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KB

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= Kilobyte = 1024 or 2 to the 10th power.

*1,000 bits

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MB

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= Megabyte = 1,048,576 or 2 to the 20th power.

*1 million bits

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GB

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= Gigabyte = 1,073,741,824 or 2 to the 30th power.

*billion bits

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TB

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Terabyte = 1,099,511,627,776 or 2 to the 40th power

*trillion bits

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PB

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= Petabyte = 1,125,899,906,842,624 or 2 to the 50th power.

*quadrillion bits

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EB

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= Exabyte = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 or 2 to the 60th power

*quintillion bits

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ZB

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= Zettabyte = 2 to the 70th power.

*Sextillion bits

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YB

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= Yottabyte = 2 to the 80th power.

*Septillion

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clear AIX(UNIX)

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Clears the screen and leaves you at the AIX (Unix) prompt

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hostname AIX(UNIX)

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Displays which host in the cluster you are using

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who AIX(UNIX)

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Displays all usernames that are logged on.

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date AIX(UNIX)

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Displays the date and time.

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ls AIX(UNIX)

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Displays a list of files in your working directory.

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ls -a AIX(UNIX)

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Displays all files (hidden and other directories).

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ls -al AIX(UNIX)

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Displays the long (l) version of all files.

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du -sk AIX(UNIX)

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Displays how much disk space is being used by you in your home
directory (and sub-directories). The units are reported in KiloBytes, so 500000 = 500 MegaBytes). You should not exceed 500 MB.

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pwd AIX(UNIX)

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Displays on the screen your working directory, for example:
/hp1urs/u/ugrad/jleonard> . pwd = print working directory.

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cd AIX(UNIX)

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This means "Change directory". This command will always return you to your working directory.

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cd .. AIX(UNIX)

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Will move you up one level in the tree hierarchy, to the /ugrad/ directory.

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pg filename AIX(UNIX)

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Displays the contents of a file on the screen.

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pg -p "[%d]:" filename AIX(UNIX)

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Displays the file and changes the prompt (-p) at the bottom of the screen so it shows the page number in square brackets.

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more filename AIX(UNIX)

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Displays a file on the screen but half a screen's worth at a time and shows you the % of the file that
has been displayed.

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pico AIX(UNIX)

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Loads the editor so you can create or edit (modify) text files.

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pine AIX(UNIX)

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Loads the electronic mail utility program.

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* AIX(UNIX)

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Wildcards are any string of characters. For example *.* means any filename and any extension in that directory.

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cp AIX(UNIX)

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Copy command. Can be used to copy a file from one directory to another.

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rm filename AIX(UNIX)

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Removes a file (deletes or erases it).
hostname this will return the name of the host you are logged in on.

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mv filename newfile AIX(UNIX)

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Moves a file from one filename to another. Use this command to rename a file.

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Ctrl C AIX(UNIX)

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(Hold down the CTRL key, then while you are holding it down,
press C). This ABORTS or CANCELS commands.

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COPYING A FILE FROM ONE DIRECTORY INTO ANOTHER (in zoo)

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From Jonathan Leonard's directory into Jane Student's directory:

jstudent@zoo> cp /rack2g/u/uvmstaff/jleonard/example.txt example.txt (or : cp ~jleonard/example.txt example.txt )


jstudent@zoo>ls -a
You now should be able to see the file in your directory.

jstudent@zoo>pg example.txt This should display the file on the screen.

jstudent@zoo>pico example.txt This pulls the file example.txt into Unix Editor pico, so you may make changes. Use Ctrl-X to save and exit.

jstudent@zoo>logout
Logout when you are finished!

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how to create a signature file

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student@zoo>pico .signature

This will put you in the editor, ready to type what you want for a signature file. Start by hitting enter once or twice and type a separator line across the top like ***********************************************************.

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what is the equivalent of putty

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terminal (in the utilities in the applications folder)

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discrete quantitative example

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# of petals on flower

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continuous quantitative example

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height

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Bar charts

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Show #s proportions or other ratios qualitative or discrete

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Grouped bar chart

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compare two or more categories

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stacked bar chart

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picture of how a total breaks down into its parts. place bars on top of one another.

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histograms

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to show quantities and proportions, continuous variables though

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population pyramids

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illustrate variations in gender and age. two horizontal histograms

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pie charts

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alternate to bar charts. used to compare proportions

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scatterplots

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show how two variables co-vary

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line charts

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developments over time (continuous). Alternative to histograms

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area charts

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development over time. shows a whole is divided into parts

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flow charts

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flow between different states or between different regions

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boxplots

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show variations both within and between groups at the same time

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density maps

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dots symbolize whatever you want to in each state

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chloropleth maps

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different areas have different patterns to reflect differences in ratios like proportions or averages

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=SUM(B3:B5) EXEL COMMAND

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Formula to sum a column from cell b3 to b5. You may also place the box on the cell below a column of numbers and press the Sumation smarticon to insert the formula automatically

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F5 EXEL COMMAND

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Go to any cell in the spreadsheet. You may also pull down the Edit menu and choose Goto.

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HOME

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Returns the column to A

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Justify:

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Click on one of the alignment buttons on the tool bar, or, pull down Format, choose Cells, and then Alignment.

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Show Formulas:

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Hold down the Ctrl key and press ~ (tilde) Note: Formula view will not align or justify Right.

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SHARING PATH

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-pc (ex:morril hall)
-hub
-network cable
-data switch
-fiber optic cable
-zoo cluster (starts with mouse->skopi>-elk->gnu)
-Machine room (ex:waterman)
-hard disk array
-One hard drive -->(Home directory-->email, pc backup, public html)

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30,000 years ago

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-homosapiens
-fire
-hunting with spears

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23,000 years ago

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bow and arrow

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20,000 years ago

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SEWING: HOODS, GLOVES, FOOT MITTENS

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13,000 years ago

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North America invaded

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12,000 years ago

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ice age retreat begins

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11,000 years ago

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-sheep domesticated
-beginnings of agriculture

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10,000 years ago

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-wheat
-goats

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8,000 years ago

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-CATTLE IN EUROPE
-MILLET IN CHINA
-PEPPERS, TOMATOS, SQUASH IN MESO AMERICA

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7,000 years ago

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-corn in americas
-rice in asia

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6,500 years ago

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-sumeria wheel

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5,500 years ago

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-writing
-irrigation

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5,000 years ago

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cities

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2,000 years ago

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rome

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1,000 years ago

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vikings

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age of exploration

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-coal use
-oil

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1790

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flag signal towers

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1845

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morse code

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1860

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FIRST TRANS-ATLANTIC TELEGRAM (CABLE FAILURE)

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1861

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APRIL-OCTOBER PONY EXPRESS (MO-CA)

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1876

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telephone

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1906

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vacuum tube

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1915

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NY-SAN FRANCISCO RADIO-LINK TELEPHONE CALL

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1927

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NY-LONDON RADIO-TELEPHONE ($75/5min)

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1947

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TRANSISTOR

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1956

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FIRST HARD DISK (5MB $50,000)

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1958

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laser

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1960

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FIRST COMM. SATELLITE

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1963

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MOUSE invented by Doug Engelbart

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1964

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moore's law

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1966

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-fiberoptic
-moonwalk

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1970

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BEGINNING OF INTERNET 4 HOSTS

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1971

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23 hosts

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1973

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UNIX, EUROPE ON NET (LONDON, NORWAY)

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1978

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TCP/IP

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1982

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200 HOSTS

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1983

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500 hosts

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1984

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1,000 hosts

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1986

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5,000 hosts

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1987

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10,000 hosts

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1988

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60,000 hosts

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1989

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100,000 hosts

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1990

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WWW

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J.R. Licklider

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Had the idea of a computer network of shared data

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Sputnik

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-first moves to create internet
-USSR 1957

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The army Pentagon office of Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

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-was granted money to start the first digital network (bob taylor)

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gamma rays

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have a wavelength of 10 to the negative 6 microns or less

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radiowaves are...

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the longest

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visible narrow spectrum

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from .4 microns (blue) to .7 microns (red)

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apple

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-first to successfully sell personal computers (then IBM)

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Gary Kildall

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-created the CP/M operating system and was unsuccessful with it for IBM
-founded Digital Research, Inc. (DRI)
-saw microprocessors as fully capable computers rather than equipment controllers and to organize a company around this concept.[

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pixels

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pictured elements
* 8 bits of red blue and green

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scanned images

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bitmap files (.BMP)

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ways to compress

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-runtime algorithm
-reduced color pallette

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example of an image link

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<a href=http://www.somewhere.com><img alt="NASA Logo" src=picture.gif></a>

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email link examples

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<a href=mailto:[e-mail]>Send me e-mail</a>

<a href="http://www.uvm.edu/talk_to_us/?email=Jonathan.Leonard%40uvm.edu" id="contactus" name="contactus">Contact Jonathan Leonard</a>

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<pre>

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preserve the format of the original text.

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example of text onto web page

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<html>
<head> <title> pre tag example </title> </head>
<body>
<pre>
Here is where the large text file
would be inserted.
</pre>
</html>

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example of a table

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<table border cols=2 width="20%" bcolor="#99FF99" >
<caption>Number of Nuclear Warheads Worldwide<br>
Data Source: Vital Signs 2007-2008, WorldWatch.org</caption>
<tr>
<td>1980</td>
<td>55,246</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1990</td>
<td>59,239</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2000</td>
<td>32,632</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

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zoo permission number meanings

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* 0 No Permission at all
* 1 Execute Only
* 2 Write Only
* 3 Write and execute
* 4 Read only
* 5 Read and execute
* 6 Read and write
* 7 Read, write, and execute
***chmod = change mode

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example of head section of webpage

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<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet1.css">
<title>CALS 85/002 Lab 8 Web Page 2</title>
</head>

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example of webpage coloring

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body {background-image: url("");
background-color: aqua}
h1 {color: blue; font-family: Arial;}
h2 {color: black; font-family: Arial;}
h3 {color: red; font-family: Arial;}
p {font-size:12pt; font-family: Arial; margin-left: 15px}
a:link {color:blue}
a:visited {color:cyan}
a:hover {color:black}
a:active {color:aqua}

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needs to be included at the top of an html file so the browser processes the file correctly

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

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<h1>

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Largest header

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<p>

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paragraph with surrounding space

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<hr>

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horizontal rule

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<br>

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line break with no surrounding space

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<em>

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emphasized text

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center images

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<div style="text-align: center;"> Text or images </div>

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font value sizes

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xx-small, x-small, small, medium, large, x-large, xx-large
***You may also use font sizes such as 14pt, 32mm, or 2em

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<ul> and <ol>

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unordered list and ordered list

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order of smallest to largest storage

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-3.5 hd diskette
-standard cd
-dvd
-hd-rom
-hard disk
-zoo's hard disk array
-zoo's backup tape drive 4 peta bytes

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dumb terminal

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computers that took up whole rooms of space and people shared time on them via keyboard & monitor

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larry roberts

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coordinated bid designs

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BBN (Bolt, Beranek, & Newman)

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was awarded the money to build the first digital network between mainframe computers in 1968

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Lenonard Kleinrock

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developed the theory of packet switching
***Created the first router called IMP (internet message processor)

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LOGIN

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first message sent on the internet
***failed on G

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how to change a signature

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Log into zoo, and then from the zoo prompt use pico to edit your .signature file.Make the change, Ctrl-X to exit.

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Compaq

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first to reverse-engineer the IBM PC

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Where was agriculture first developed?

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Iraq

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Pipelining

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The process by which a CPU can begin executing a second instruction before the first instruction is finished.

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Intergalactic Digital Research, Pacific Grove, California

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dominant PC Operating System company in the late 1970s and early 1980s when IBM was first designing the IBM PC

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cd public_html

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move you to the directory where all your web files are stored

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example of a correct link

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<A HREF=http://www.uvm.edu>UVM</A>

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Linux

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relatively new “GPL” or “copy lefted” open source license agreement that requires all useful alterations of the source code be made public

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program flowchart

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a figure that contains interconnected ovals, diamonds, and boxes that help programmers plan the development of their programs

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What does netscape not display

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bitmap files

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HTTP (letters stand for)

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Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

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URL (letters stand for)

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uniform resource locator

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HTML (letters stand for)

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Hyper Text Markup Language