Calf Respiratory

Front 1

What are the high risk groups for BRDC in dairy operations?

Back 1

FPT calves, weaned calves in groups, mingled, first calf heifers, expansion herds, unvaccinated animals

Front 2

When is a calf pneumonia most likely to be noticed?

Back 2

Post weaning (though it is a preexisting infection)

Front 3

What kinds of things contribute to the pneumonia "re-emerging" at the time of weaning?

Back 3

Signs that are too subtle to be caught; an incomplete treatment, or those subclinical cases being moved to the post weaning areas and stress exacerbating underlying dz.

Front 4

What is the calf respiratory health score based on?

Back 4

rectal temp, nasal d/c characters, eye/ear appearance, cough there or not.

Front 5

What do we use that respiratory score for?

Back 5

to decide which calves need to be monitored or treated.

Front 6

What is a normal respiratory score?

Back 6

0

Front 7

On the Wisconsin scale, what is the number that we are looking at to determine the way to proceed?

Back 7

4! < 4 is normal =4 is monitor and > 4 is treat.

Front 8

What can happen in the short term if you fail to dx a case?

Back 8

spread, increased use of abx, failure of treatment, tissue damage, otitis media (which is hard to treat), bloat (from aerophagia due to pneumonia)

Front 9

What are some long term consequences of failing to diagnose rapidly?

Back 9

Decreased daily gains, poor production and increased morbidity and mortality.

Front 10

Which agents are we concerned with (viral) in BDRC?

Back 10

**BRSV, PI3, BVDV, BHV-1

Front 11

Which bacterial agents are we concerned with?

Back 11

P. multocida, myocplasma bovis (less so hemolytica)

Front 12

Which bacterial agent is more important in calves?

Back 12

M bovis!!!!

Front 13

Why is M. Bovis so bad in calves (and not in adults?)

Back 13

M. bovis causes a primary infection in CALVES. Adults it facilitates 2º infxns.

Front 14

Besides pneumonia, what else can M. bovis cause in calves/

Back 14

Otitis and ARTHRITIS

Front 15

Why is m. bovis so sucky to have?

Back 15

It is a chronic disease, debilitating and is a challenge to treat.

Front 16

What ages are most apt to have otitis?

Back 16

2-6 wk old.

Front 17

Which otitis is exhibited by anorexia, lethargy, head shaking, ear rubbing, epiphora, ear droop and facial nerve paralysis?

Back 17

Otitis MEDIA

Front 18

Which otitis is characterized by a head tilt, nystagmus, staggering, circling, falling and/or lateral recumbency?

Back 18

Otitis interna

Front 19

What is a common concurrent disease with otitis?

Back 19

Pneumonia

Front 20

How can we diagnose pneumonia in a live calf?

Back 20

CxS, rads (for those $$$ animals), determine the agent (swabs, ttw, bal), culture, VI, PCR, Serology maybe for viral

Front 21

Which bacteria will cause a suppurative bronchopneumonia (large areas of consolidation) at post mortem?

Back 21

P. multocida (A. pyogenes)

Front 22

Which agents cause a fibrinous pneumonia?

Back 22

M. haemolytica, H. somni

Front 23

Which agents cause a caseonecrotic (CRANIOVENTRAL) pneumonia?

Back 23

mycoplasma spp.

Front 24

What is the goal of abx therapy in calf pneumonia?

Back 24

to stop bacterial replication so the lesions can resolve.

Front 25

What are the 3 principles of therapy?

Back 25

treat early (need to find the sick)

Treat long enough (obj monitoring and treatment)

Treat w/ appropriate drug at appropriate dose and regimen-- select your first line abx.

Front 26

Who gets an early treatment?

Back 26

those with high clinical scores (> 4 at WI), febrile and those w/o signs of other organ dysfunction.

Front 27

What does it mean to treat long enough -

Back 27

You need to have a favorable response that is measurable (like temperature) - and go 48 hours PAST resolution of CxS.

Front 28

Can you use add'nl tx prior to the decision that the animal is "cured", chronically affected or needs to be removed.

Back 28

YES

Front 29

What do we need to consider when selecting an appropriate abx?

Back 29

is it licensed and effective at the labelled dose, is there a resistance issue, do levels get high enough at target tissue, what is the withholding time (check with farad.org), how often does it need to be given, how is it given and how much is it going to cost.

Front 30

What is so damn hard about treating m. bovis???

Back 30

The field strain has a high resistance!!!

Front 31

Which drugs have a consistent efficacy on M. bovis?

Back 31

FLUOROQUINOLONES (enrofloxacin, danrofloxacin, Marbofloxacin)

Front 32

What must we be careful of when using fluoroquinolones?

Back 32

label instructions (gotta be legal about this stuff)

Front 33

What 3 other drugs can be used maybe on M. bovis?

Back 33

Tulatrhomycin, florfenicol, tetracyclines (?)

Front 34

How can we prevent pneumonia?

Back 34

mass medication, improve management, improve immunity (PT, Vacc)

Front 35

What therapeutic windows are we targeting mass medications?

Back 35

weaning, prior to post weaning group housing.

Front 36

What do you need to keep in mind about those animals that are getting a feed through abx?

Back 36

That they may go off feed due to the abx, and thus they may not be getting enough of the abx.

Front 37

The longer a calf is left with their mother the _______ the exposure (more or less?)

Back 37

MORE

Front 38

Who should be getting vaccines?

Back 38

Dry cow (improve anb in colostrum), calves prior to changing groups, Pre breeding or at preg confirmation, annual or semi annual vaccine

Front 39

What age ranges should be avoided to mingle?

Back 39

no one should hang out with those 2 months older or younger than them.

Front 40

Do you want your barn cooler or warmer?

Back 40

COOLER -- reduce the # of microorganisms out in your air

Front 41

How many calves have low IgG?

Back 41

30%

Front 42

What is a poor quality colostrum?

Back 42

< 1.050 on colostrometer

Front 43

Who is most likely to have poor colostrum?

Back 43

1st or 2nd lactation heifers, those with poor nutrition (heifers or dry cows)

Front 44

How much colostrum should a calf ingest in order to have good PT?

Back 44

3-4 L in 1st hour of life, 3 more L over the first 12 hours.

Front 45

Which part of ingestion is more important? That first 1 hour bump or the total 12 hour?

Back 45

THE FIRST HOUR

Front 46

Should the colostrum be fresh or pasteurized?

Back 46

Pasteurized (60ºC for 60-120 minutes)

Front 47

Does it matter how we feed them the colostrum?

Back 47

YES -- Esophageal feeder > nipple bottle > natural suckle