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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are some bacterial agents that cause calf diarrhea
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Enterotoxigenic Ecoli.
Salmonellosis Clostridial Perfringens C and D Entero-invasive and enterohemhoragic E. Coli |
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What are some viral agents that cause calf diarrhea
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Rotavirus
Coronavirus BVD |
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What are some parasitic agents that cause calf diarrhea
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Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia sp. Coccidiosis |
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What are some non bacterial,non viral non parasitic causes of calf diarrhea
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Nutrition - excessive milk feed, poor quality replacer, starvation
Antibiotic induced - especially oral antibiotics |
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T/F most infections regarding diarrhea in calves are mixed
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True
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What are some sources of infection for calf diarrhea
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Dams carry infectious agents
Exposure to feces, nasal secretions from other calves Environment |
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What causes secretory diarrhea and what is the pathophysiology?
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Enterotoxigenic E. Coli or Salmonella
Are infectious agents that produce enterotoxins Bind to enterocyte receptor, activate cAMP or (cGMP) in the crypt cells that increases electrolyte and fluid secretion. Inhibit Na and Cl absorption at the villus and get an net increase in secretions |
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T/F there is no enterocyte damage and non electrolyte absorption is normal in secretory diarrhea
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True
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What is the typical fecal ph with secretory diarrhea
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alkaline
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What is osmotic overload caused by
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DIET
over eating, poor quality milk replacer causes maldigestion or malabsorption |
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What are some causes of malabsorption diarrhea
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viruses, cryptosporidia, C. perfringens, salmonella, BVD, coccidia
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T/F Abnormal intestinal motility and change in hydrostatic pressure diarrhea's are both rare as causes of neonatal calf diarrhea
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TRUE
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What is the age of onset and etiology of the most common causes of neonatal calf diarrhea
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1-3 days - E. Coli or sepsis
4-14 days - Rotavirus, C. perfringens type C 7-21days - Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium >14d - Coccidia, starvation, C. perfringens type D Anytime Salmonella, over feeding, BVD |
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T/F in malabsorption diarrhea there is disease causing villus atrophy
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TRUE
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T/F the ph of feces in Malabsorption diarrhea is Acidic compared to that of secretory diarrhea that is alkaline
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TRUE
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What are the clinical signs of neonatal calf diarrhea
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Diarrhea
Dehydration and depression +/- pyrexia +/- signs of sepsis |
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T/F Consistency and color of feces is a poor predictor of etiology
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True
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What "bugs" are typically associated with bloody diarrhea
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Salmonella
Cryptosporidium BVD Coccidiosis Chronic diarrhea |
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Which "bug" typically produces fibrin casts in the intestine
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Salmonella
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How can a diagnosis be made for Ecoli or Salmonella
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Ecoli - FA of fecal smears
Salmonella - Fecal culture |
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Rota/Corona virus diagnosis is made how?
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Em or FA of feces, Elisa and fecal latex agglutination
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How is a diagnosis of crypto and coccidiosis made
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Staining of fecal smears or sugar floats for oocyts, FA
Fecal float |
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T/F if the diarrhea has been occuring longer than 2-3 days there is a decreased chance of recovering the causative agents
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TRUE
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What is the most important aspect of treatment in neonatal calf diarrhea
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Fluid Therapy
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What are the benefits of fluid therapy
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correct dehydration
correct acid/base abnormalities correct Electrolyte abnormalities |
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When should you use antibiotics in treatment of calf scours?
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only if they are septic
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T/F Milk should be fed to scouring calves
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TRUE - need to maintain caloric intake during diarrhea, give free access to water, feed four times per day with milk and electrolytes (day one-two 1L milk and 1L of electrolyte solution)
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What calf management factors should be investigated with diarrhea cases
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Physical factors
Sanitation and Disinfectants Animal Density |
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What are the benefits of Colostrum
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Longer time to first illness
Fewer sick days Shorter period of viremia/bacteremia Enhanced growth Decreased mortality |
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How much milk or milk replacer should a calf receive?
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10-12% of body weight
additional calories needed in cold weather Milk replacer quality should be at least 10-15% fat (20% in winter) Protein at least 20% and Fiber <0.25% |
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T/F Coccidiosis has a high incidence of clinical disease
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FALSE
has a low incidence of clinical disease at 10-15% |
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What are the clinical signs of coccidiosis?
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Calves and lambs 3-4wks of age and up to yearlings
Depend on innoculum, nutrition, and stressors, and age and immunity Sudden severe diarrhea becomes chronic with foul odor, mucous, melena or frank blood, tenesmus and possible rectal prolapse Dehydration |
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T/F coccidiosis is self limiting
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TRUE
self limiting course of 5-6days |
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How do you dx coccidiosis
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Fecal float
>5000/g considered significant adult sheep and goats can have >100,000/g |
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T/F Treatment of groups of animals with coccidiostats when seeing clinical cases should be recommended
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TRUE
Amprolium and Ionophores useful for prevention |