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35 Cards in this Set

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What are some bacterial agents that cause calf diarrhea
Enterotoxigenic Ecoli.
Salmonellosis
Clostridial Perfringens C and D
Entero-invasive and enterohemhoragic E. Coli
What are some viral agents that cause calf diarrhea
Rotavirus
Coronavirus
BVD
What are some parasitic agents that cause calf diarrhea
Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia sp.
Coccidiosis
What are some non bacterial,non viral non parasitic causes of calf diarrhea
Nutrition - excessive milk feed, poor quality replacer, starvation
Antibiotic induced - especially oral antibiotics
T/F most infections regarding diarrhea in calves are mixed
True
What are some sources of infection for calf diarrhea
Dams carry infectious agents
Exposure to feces, nasal secretions from other calves
Environment
What causes secretory diarrhea and what is the pathophysiology?
Enterotoxigenic E. Coli or Salmonella

Are infectious agents that produce enterotoxins
Bind to enterocyte receptor, activate cAMP or (cGMP) in the crypt cells that increases electrolyte and fluid secretion. Inhibit Na and Cl absorption at the villus and get an net increase in secretions
T/F there is no enterocyte damage and non electrolyte absorption is normal in secretory diarrhea
True
What is the typical fecal ph with secretory diarrhea
alkaline
What is osmotic overload caused by
DIET
over eating, poor quality milk replacer
causes maldigestion or malabsorption
What are some causes of malabsorption diarrhea
viruses, cryptosporidia, C. perfringens, salmonella, BVD, coccidia
T/F Abnormal intestinal motility and change in hydrostatic pressure diarrhea's are both rare as causes of neonatal calf diarrhea
TRUE
What is the age of onset and etiology of the most common causes of neonatal calf diarrhea
1-3 days - E. Coli or sepsis
4-14 days - Rotavirus, C. perfringens type C
7-21days - Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium
>14d - Coccidia, starvation, C. perfringens type D
Anytime Salmonella, over feeding, BVD
T/F in malabsorption diarrhea there is disease causing villus atrophy
TRUE
T/F the ph of feces in Malabsorption diarrhea is Acidic compared to that of secretory diarrhea that is alkaline
TRUE
What are the clinical signs of neonatal calf diarrhea
Diarrhea
Dehydration and depression
+/- pyrexia
+/- signs of sepsis
T/F Consistency and color of feces is a poor predictor of etiology
True
What "bugs" are typically associated with bloody diarrhea
Salmonella
Cryptosporidium
BVD
Coccidiosis
Chronic diarrhea
Which "bug" typically produces fibrin casts in the intestine
Salmonella
How can a diagnosis be made for Ecoli or Salmonella
Ecoli - FA of fecal smears

Salmonella - Fecal culture
Rota/Corona virus diagnosis is made how?
Em or FA of feces, Elisa and fecal latex agglutination
How is a diagnosis of crypto and coccidiosis made
Staining of fecal smears or sugar floats for oocyts, FA

Fecal float
T/F if the diarrhea has been occuring longer than 2-3 days there is a decreased chance of recovering the causative agents
TRUE
What is the most important aspect of treatment in neonatal calf diarrhea
Fluid Therapy
What are the benefits of fluid therapy
correct dehydration
correct acid/base abnormalities
correct Electrolyte abnormalities
When should you use antibiotics in treatment of calf scours?
only if they are septic
T/F Milk should be fed to scouring calves
TRUE - need to maintain caloric intake during diarrhea, give free access to water, feed four times per day with milk and electrolytes (day one-two 1L milk and 1L of electrolyte solution)
What calf management factors should be investigated with diarrhea cases
Physical factors
Sanitation and Disinfectants
Animal Density
What are the benefits of Colostrum
Longer time to first illness
Fewer sick days
Shorter period of viremia/bacteremia
Enhanced growth
Decreased mortality
How much milk or milk replacer should a calf receive?
10-12% of body weight
additional calories needed in cold weather
Milk replacer quality should be at least 10-15% fat (20% in winter)
Protein at least 20% and Fiber <0.25%
T/F Coccidiosis has a high incidence of clinical disease
FALSE
has a low incidence of clinical disease at 10-15%
What are the clinical signs of coccidiosis?
Calves and lambs 3-4wks of age and up to yearlings
Depend on innoculum, nutrition, and stressors, and age and immunity
Sudden severe diarrhea becomes chronic with foul odor, mucous, melena or frank blood, tenesmus and possible rectal prolapse
Dehydration
T/F coccidiosis is self limiting
TRUE
self limiting course of 5-6days
How do you dx coccidiosis
Fecal float
>5000/g considered significant

adult sheep and goats can have >100,000/g
T/F Treatment of groups of animals with coccidiostats when seeing clinical cases should be recommended
TRUE
Amprolium and Ionophores useful for prevention