Caenorhabditis Elegans (Nematode) Developmental Biology

Front 1

Early technique for studying genetics of C. elegans

Back 1

Mutagenesis

Hint 1

i.e. using mutant phenotypes

Front 2

What are the three axes which form during development?

Back 2

1) Anterior-Posterior
2) Dorsal-Ventral
3) Left-Right

Front 3

What is the term for the development from zygote through organogenesis?

Back 3

Embryogenesis

Front 4

Which animal is good for developmental studies, but not genetic studies because it is difficult to raise many generations in the lab?

Back 4

Sea Urchin

Front 5

What is the total number of cells in the first larva stage of C. elegans?

Back 5

Five hundred and fifty-eight (558)

Front 6

What is the number of somatic cells in the adult of C. elegans?

Back 6

Nine hundred and fifty-nine (959)

Front 7

What's a three-word term explaining C. elegans' unchanging fate of each cell?

Back 7

invariant cell lineage

Front 8

From the two-cell to the four-cell stage, which two daughter cells come from the AB cell?

Back 8

AB.a (anterior)
AB.p (posterior)

Front 9

From the two-cell to four-cell stage, which two cells come from the P1 cell?

Back 9

P2
EMS (another founder cell)

Front 10

What's the type of cleavage exhibited by C. elegans?

Back 10

rotational holoblastic cleavage

Front 11

What does Hoescht blue dye bind to?

Back 11

DNA

Front 12

In the wild type, into what cells do the P-granules migrate?

Back 12

P cells

Front 13

Localization of P-granules requires _____________ rather than microtubules.

Back 13

microfilaments

Front 14

What is used to cause the par-(1-4) mutants?

Back 14

A temperature increase to 25˚ C.

Front 15

At the four-cell stage, the AB.p cell defines the future ______ side, while the EMS cell defines the future _______ side of the embryo.

Back 15

dorsal, ventral

Front 16

At the twelve-cell stage, the MS blastomere with AB.a descendant cells defines the _____ side of the embryos.

Back 16

right

Front 17

SKN-1 is a _____________ ______.

Back 17

transcription factor

Front 18

Mutations in skn-1 result in both EMS descendants developing into additional _ founder cells.

Back 18

C

Front 19

PIE-1 inhibits _____ function in the P2, resulting in the P2 adopting _______ fate.

Back 19

SKN-1, somatic

Front 20

Mutations in mex-1 make all four AB granddaughter cells convert into extra __ fate, developing extra __________ and ______ cells in the anterior.

Back 20

MS, pharyngeal, muscle

Front 21

Only recombination of the early isolated EMS cells with __ restuores the ability to form gut cells.

Back 21

P2

Front 22

At the four-cells stage, the P2 produces a signaling molecule, MOM-2, the C. elegans homologue of a ___ protein.

Back 22

Wnt

Front 23

MOM stands for ____ ________.

Back 23

more mesoderm

Front 24

The EMS cell produces a receptor protein, _____, the C. elegans homologue of the Wnt receptor, Frizzled.

Back 24

MOM-5

Front 25

The binding of MOM-2 from the P2 to the MOM-5 in the EMS instructs the EMS to divide into the _ cell (________ giving rise to the gut) and the __ cell (________ giving rise to the muscles).

Back 25

E, endoderm, MS, mesoderm

Front 26

APX stands for ________ _______ ______.

Back 26

anterior pharynx excess

Front 27

P2 also produces APX-1, the C. elegans homologue of the _____ proteins (ligant).

Back 27

Delta

Front 28

Both AB.p and AB.a cells produce GLP-1, the C. elegans homologue of the _____ proteins (receptor).

Back 28

Notch

Front 29

The binding of APX-1 from the P2 cell to the _____ in either AB.p or AB.a makes it develop into the ______ side of the embryo.

Back 29

GLP-1, dorsal

Front 30

GLP stands for ____ ____ _____________.

Back 30

germ line proliferation