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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is audience-centeredness?
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*Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
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What is identification?
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*A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences
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What is egocentrism?
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*The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
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What is demographic audience analysis?
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*Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background
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What is stereotyping?
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*Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
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What are some of the major demographic factors of the audience you should consider when giving a speech?
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*age
*gender *religion *sexual orientation *racial, ethnic, and cultural background *group membership |
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What is situational audience analysis?
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*Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as he size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.
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What factors go into the audience's disposition toward the speech topic?
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*interest
*knowledge *attitude |
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What is attitude?
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*A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc
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What are fixed-alternative questions?
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*Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives;
-produce clear, unambiguous answer and also tend to yield superficial answers |
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What are scale questions?
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*Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers
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What are open-ended questions?
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*Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want;
-useful for getting at the strength of a respondent's attitutes |
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What are the two major stages in adapting your speech to your audience?
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1. assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech
2. adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible |
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When working on your persuasive speech, what are three questions to keep in mind?
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1. To whom am I speaking?
2. What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? 3. What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim? |
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What is the first stage in learning about your audience?
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*Identifying demographic traits
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What are supporting materials?
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*The materials used to support a speaker's ideas.
*The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony |
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What is an example?
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*A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.
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What is a brief example?
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*A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
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What is an extended example?
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*A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point;
-works to pull the listener into the speech |
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What is a hypothetical example?
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*An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation;
-the speaker can create a realistic scenario, relate it directly to the audience, then get them involved in the speech |
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What are some tips for using examples?
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*Use examples to clarify your ideas
*Use examples to reinforce your ideas *Use examples to personalize your ideas *Make your examples vivid and richly textured *Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples |
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What are statistics?
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*numerical data
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What are some questions you should ask yourself when using statistics in a speech?
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*Are the statistics representative
*Are statistical measures used correctly? *Are the statistics from a reliable source? |
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What are some tips for using statistics?
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*Use statistics to quantify your ideas; examples can bring the problem alive and dramatize it in personal terms
*Use statistics sparingly *Identify the sources of your statistics *Explain your statistics *Round off complicated statistics *Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends |
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What is testimony?
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*Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
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What is expert testimony?
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*Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
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What is peer testimony?
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*Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
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What are direct quotations?
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*Testimony that is presented word for word
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What does it mean to paraphrase?
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*To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words
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What is quoting out of context?
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*Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it
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What are some tips for using testimony?
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*Quote or paraphrase accurately
*Use testimony from qualified sources *Use testimony from unbiased sources *Identify the people you quote or paraphrase |
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When orally citing a source, what information should you make sure the include?
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-identifying the document you are citing
-date of publication or posting -author or sponsoring organization -author's credentials |
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What is persuasion?
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*The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
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What is mental dialogue with the audience?
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*The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
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What is a target audience?
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*The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
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What is a question of fact?
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*A question about the truth or falsity of a situation
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How are questions of fact generally organized?
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*Topically
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What are Questions of value?
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*A questions about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
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What are value judgments?
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*Judgments based on a person's beliefs about what is right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, fair or unfair
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How are speeches on questions of value generally organized?
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*Topically;
-first point generally established the standards for your value judgement -second main point generally applies those standards to the subject of the speech |
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What is a question of policy?
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*A question about whether a specific course of action should or shouldn't be taken;
-ALWAYS goes beyond questions of fact or value to decide whether something should or shouldn't be done |
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What are the two types of speeches on questions of policy?
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*Speeches to gain passive agreement
*Speeches to gain immediate action |
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What are speeches to gain passive agreement?
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*A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
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What are speeches to gain immediate action?
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*A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy;
-when you call for action in a persuasive speech, you should make your recommendations as specific as possible |
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When discussing questions of policy, what are the three basic issue you will need to discuss?
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*Need
*Plan *Practicality |
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What is burden of proof?
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*The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
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What is practicality?
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*The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy;
-Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? -Will it create new and more serious problems? |
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What are the four best ways to organize persuasive speeches on questions of policy?
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*Problem-solution order
*Problem-cause-solution order *Comparative advantages order *Monroe's motivated sequence |
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What is problem-solution order of organization?
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*A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main points deal with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
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What is problem-cause-solution order of organization?
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*A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
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What is comparative advantages order of organization?
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*A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
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What is Monroe's motivated sequence?
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*A method of organizing persuasive speech that seek immediate action.
*The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action |
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Why might speaking to persuade be especially challenging?
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*Audience analysis and adaption are a lot more demanding
*You often deal with more controversial topics that can touch on your audience's basic attitudes, values, and beliefs *Your audience may have a varying level of different opinions on a topic |
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What does it mean when audiences "engage in mental dialogue" with speakers?
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It means you must anticipate possible objections that audience will raise to your point of view and answer them in your speech
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What is an example of a question of fact?
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*A vegetarian diet is the healthiest diet there is
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What is an example of a specific purpose statement for a question of fact?
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*To persuade my audience that adopting a vegetarian diet is the healthiest diet they can have
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What is an example of a question of value?
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*Eating meat is morally wrong
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What is an example of a specific purpose statement for a question of value?
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*To persuade my audience that eating meat is morally wrong
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What is an example of a question of policy?
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*People should adopt a meat-free diet
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What is an example of a specific purpose statement for a question of policy?
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*To persuade my audience that they should adopt a meat-free diet
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What are the two major factors that affect credibility?
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*competence; how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of a subject
*character; how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience |
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What are the three types of credibility?
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*Initial; the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak
*Derived; the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech *Terminal; the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech |
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What are three ways a speaker can enhance credibility?
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*explaining their competence
*establishing common ground with the audience *delivering their speech fluently, expressively, and with conviction |
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What is evidence?
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*Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
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What are tips for using evidence?
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*use specific evidence
*use novel evidence *use evidence from credible sources *make clear the point of your evidence |
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What is a hasty generalization?
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*A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
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What is a false cause?
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*A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
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What is an invalid analogy?
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*An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
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What is a bandwagon fallacy?
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*A fallacy which assumes that because something in popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable;
-popular opinion can not be taken as the sole reason something is right or wrong |
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What is a red herring fallacy?
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*A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
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What is ad hominem?
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*A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
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What is an either-or fallacy?
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*A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
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What is a slippery slope fallacy?
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*A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
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What is appeal to tradition?
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*A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new;
-the value of something should be based on its contribution to society, not its age |
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What is appeal to novelty?
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*A fallacy which assumes that something new it automatically better than something old
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What is reasoning?
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*The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
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What is reasoning from specific instances?
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*Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion;
-beware that it is always possible that an exception exists -beware of jumping to conclusions on the basis of insufficient evidence -make sure the instances you present are fair, unbiased, and representative -reinforce your argument with statistics or testimony |
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What is reasoning from principle?
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*Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
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What is causal reasoning?
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*Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
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What is analogical reasoning?
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*Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers what is true for the first case is also true for the second ;
-used frequently in persuasive speeches on questions of policy |
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What are roles of emotional appeal in persuasive speeches?
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*Intends to make listeners feel a certain, intended emotion
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What are the emotions most evoked by public speakers?
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*fear
*compassion *pride *anger *guilt *reverence |
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What are three methods a speaker can use to generate emotional appeal?
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*use emotional language ;
-just be careful not to use too many emotionally-charged words in a speech otherwise it draws too much attention to the emotional language itself and undermines its impact *develop vivid examples *speak with sincerity and conviction |
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What are the three major kinds of supporting materials?
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*Examples
*Statistics *Testimony |
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What are tips for using examples?
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*use examples to clarify your ideas
*use examples to reinforce your ideas *use examples to personalize your ideas *make your examples vivid and richly textured *practice delivery to enhance your extended examples |
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What are the different kinds of examples?
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*brief examples
*extended examples *hypothetical examples |
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What are hypothetical examples?
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*An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation;
-effective in involving audience in the speech -when using hypothetical examples it is best to follow them with statistics or testimony to prove their credibility |
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What are brief examples?
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*A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
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What are extended examples?
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*A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
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What are statistics?
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*Numerical data;
-can be used in combination to show the magnitude or seriousness of an issue -be careful to make sure that they are representative of what they claim to measure |
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What is the statistical mean?
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*The average value of a group of numbers
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What is the median?
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*The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest
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What is the mode?
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*the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers
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What are tips for using statistics?
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*use statistics to quantify your ideas
*use statistics sparingly *identify sources of your statistics *explain your statistics *round off complicated statistics *use visual aids to clarify statistical trends |
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What are three questions you should ask in judging reliability of statistics?
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*Are the statistics representative?
*Are statistical measures used correctly? *Are the statistics from a reliable source? |
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What is testimony?
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*Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
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What are the two kinds of testimony?
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*Peer
*Expert |
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What is peer testimony?
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*Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic;
-gives a more personal viewpoint on certain issues as it gives more authenticity and emotional impact |
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What is expert testimony?
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*Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields;
-it shows that your position is supported by people who are knowledgeable on the topic -it helps to establish your credibility |
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When is paraphrasing better than direct quotations?
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1. When the wording of a quotation is obscure or cumbersome
2. When a quotation is longer than two or three sentences |
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What is a direct quotation?
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*testimony that is presented word for word
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What three things does accurate quotation involve?
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*making sure you do not misquote someone
*making sure you do not violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase *making sure you do not quote out of context |
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What is paraphrasing?
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*To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words
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What are tips for using testimony?
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*quote or paraphrase accurately
*use testimony from qualified sources *use testimony from unbiased sources *identify the people you quote or paraphrase |
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What is the target audience and its role in persuasive speaking?
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*The target audience is the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
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What is the difference between passive agreement and immediate actions as goals for persuasive speeches on questions of policy?
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*The goal of passive agreement is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable WITHOUT encouraging them to take action in support of it, where as immediate action seeks to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
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What is the importance of establishing need?
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*Proving that there is a serious problem that requires a change from current policy
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What is the importance of establishing a plan?
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*the speaker proving that they have a plan to solve a specific problem
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What is the burden of proof?
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*the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
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What is the importance of establishing practicality?
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*the speaker proving that their plan will solve the problem and that it will NOT create new and more serious problems
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What are the four methods of organization most often used in persuasive speech on questions of policy?
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*problem-solution
*problem-cause-solution *comparative advantages *Monroe's motivated sequence |
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What is problem-case-solution order of organization?
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*a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
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What is problem-solution order of organization?
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*A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
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What is comparative advantages order of organization?
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*A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
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What is Monroe's motivated sequence method of organization?
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*A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action.
*The five steps of the sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action |
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To be audience-centered, what questions must you keep in mind when working on your speeches?
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*To whom am I speaking?
*What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? *What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim? |
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What is egocentrism?
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*The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being
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How can a speaker adapt to the audience while preparing the speech and delivering the speech?
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*Before the speech;
-assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech -adjusting what say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible -always anticipate how audience could respond *During the speech; -keep an eye out during the speech for audience feedback and pay attention to their body language -plan ahead for things like technical or visual aid malfunctions or if someone has a similar topic |
