Ca Test #4

Front 1

Inspiration?

Back 1

Flow of air into the lungs.

Front 2

Expiration?

Back 2

Expulsion of air from the lungs?

Front 3

Costal Respiration (thoracic)?

Back 3

Animal breathing with the thoracic cavity.

Ribs move outward with inspiration and in with expiration.

Deeper breathing than normal.

Front 4

Abdominal Respiration (diaphragmatic)?

Back 4

Little movement of the chest.

Diaphragm produces all inspiration and expiration.

Ordinary breathing.

Front 5

Eupnea?

Back 5

Easy breathing/ normal.

Front 6

Dyspnea?

Back 6

Difficult respiration.

Front 7

Apnea?

Back 7

No respiration.

Front 8

Hyperpnea (hyperventilation)?

Back 8

Increased depth/rate of respiration.

Front 9

Hypopnea (hypoventilation)?

Back 9

Decreased depth/rate of respiration.

Front 10

Tidal volume?

Back 10

The amount of air (in liters) that is inspired and expired with each breath.

Front 11

Pleura?

Back 11

Thin membrane the covers the thoracic organs and lines the thoracic cavity.

Front 12

Mediastinum?

Back 12

The space in the thoracic cavity between left and right lungs.

Front 13

What are the 2 types of respiration?

Back 13

External respiration.

Internal respiration.

Front 14

External respiration?

Back 14

Also called ventilation

Movement of air between environment and alveoli of the lungs.

Front 15

Internal respiration?

Back 15

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the cells.

Front 16

What two parts is the respiratory system divided into?

Back 16

Upper and lower respiratory tract.

Front 17

What does the upper respiratory tract contain?

Back 17

Nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea.

Front 18

What does the lower respiratory tract contain?

Back 18

Bronchi, bronchiole, and alveoli.

Front 19

What lines the respiratory system?

Back 19

Mucous membrane. Special form of epi tissue.

Front 20

What does the mucous membrane secrete?

Back 20

Mucous composed of glandular secretion, salt, cells and leukocytes.

Front 21

Cilla?

Back 21

Hair like projections lining the respiratory tract.

Propels mucus and debris toward mouth and pharynx.

Front 22

Nares?

Back 22

The nasal septum divides the nares into right and left.

Front 23

Nasal passage?

Back 23

Starts and the nares.

The palate is the floor of the nasal passage and separates nose from mouth.

Warms and moistens incoming air.

Front 24

Nasal turbinates?

Back 24

Scroll like bones covered with highly vascular mucous membrane.

Dorsal nasal meatus and ventral nasal meatus used to pass nasogastric tube.

Front 25

Where are the olfactory receptors located?

Back 25

Mucous membranes of the nasal cavity.

Front 26

Nasal sinuses?

Back 26

Provide mucus the make bone lighter and produce sound.

Sinus is an air or fluid filled space.

Have mucous membrane lining.

Front 27

Pharynx?

Back 27

The Throat.

Front 28

Nasopharynx?

Back 28

Back of the nasal area.

Common passageway for food and air.

Front 29

Oropharynx?

Back 29

Back of oral cavity, tonsils considered a part of it.

Common passageway for food and air.

Front 30

Epiglottis?

Back 30

Diverts air into the trachea and food away from it.

A sail shaped cartilage which gaurds trachea.

Considered part of the Larynx.

Front 31

Larynx?

Back 31

Composed of bones of hyoid apparatus, cartilage, and muscle.

Voice box.

Supports the tongue and vocal cords.

Front 32

Trachea (windpipe)?

Back 32

Ventral to the esophagus.

Non collapsible tube.

Formed and held open by 'C' shaped cartilage rings.

Open part of 'C' is on the dorsal aspect.

Lined with cilla.

Distal end divides into Bronchi at the tracheal bifurcation.

Front 33

Lungs?

Back 33

Each lung is encased in a membrane sac called pleura.

Lungs are spongy.

Right lung has 4 lobes.

Left lung has 2 lobes.

Front 34

Bronchi?

Back 34

Trachea divides into left and right stems called Bronchi which have cartilage rings.

Bronchi divide into smaller bronchi until they become bronchioles.

Do not close

Front 35

Bronchioles?

Back 35

Contain no cartilage.

Can contract; called bronchoconstriction.

Where asthma and wheezing occurs.

Front 36

Alveoli?

Back 36

Small grape like clusters and the end of each bronchiole.

Each sac comprised of a thin membrane surrounded by microscopic capillaries.

Gas exchange occurs across the alveolar membrane.

Equilibrium achieved in less than 2 seconds.

Front 37

Diaphragm?

Back 37

Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Main muscle of respiration.

Attaches to lumbar vertebrae, ribs and sternum.

Front 38

Physiology of Respiration?

Back 38

Partial vacuum in the the thorax which allows the lungs to passively follow the movements of the thoracic wall and the diaphragm.

Oxygen used, CO2 produced. O2 thru tissue to lungs.CO2 diffuses from the tissues to blood where it binds to hemoglobin and gives blood blue.

CO2 breaks down into carbonic acid and affects blood pH

Excess CO2 lowers pH.

Front 39

Respiratory Triggers?

Back 39

-CO2

-pH

-O2

Increase in CO2=Decrease in pH=Increased respiration.

Decrease in CO2=Increase in pH=Decreased respiration.

Front 40

Equine respiratory system?

Back 40

Equid lungs are not lobed other than a small accessory lobe on the right.

Front 41

Avian respiratory system?

Back 41

No epiglottis.

Syrinx=Voice box.

No alveoli.

No diaphragm.

Front 42

Homeostasis?

Back 42

Maintained by Kidney via manipulating blood plasma.

Front 43

Normal dog blood pH?

Back 43

7.35-7.45

Front 44

Five ways the kidney controls homeostasis?

Back 44

-Blood filtration and secretion.

-Reabsorption.

-Fluid balance regulation.

-Acid-base balance.

-Hormone production.

Front 45

Blood filtration and secretion?

Back 45

Removal of waste products, from protein metabolism, by filtering the blood, end process waste is urine.

EX WASTE: Urea, Uric acid, Phosphorus.

Front 46

Reabsorption?

Back 46

Process of returning essential nutrients to the circulation, this maintains normal composition of plasma.

EX ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS: Glucose, Amino acid.

Front 47

Fluid balance regulation?

Back 47

Kidneys work to ensure that the correct amount of water is kept in the body to maintain a healthy internal environment.

-Excess water in the body causes more urine to be formed

-Kidneys will conserve water if deficient.

-Regulates the balance of Na, K, and CL

Front 48

Acid-base balance?

Back 48

Kidneys help maintain blood (pressure) pH by removing hydrogen and bicarbonate ions from blood and excretes into urine.

Front 49

Hormone production?

Back 49

Cells in the kidney produce erythropoietin which is for RBC production. Related to severe kidney disease and anemia.

Kidneys influence the rate of release of ADH from posterior pituitary.

Front 50

Renal consists of what?

Back 50

-2 kidneys

-2 ureters

-1 bladder

-1 urethra

Front 51

Kidney location?

Back 51

Behind the lining of the abdominal cavity or outside the peritoneal cavity.

Front 52

Working unit of the kidney?

Back 52

Nephron; where urine is formed.

Front 53

What does the Nephron consist of?

Back 53

-Glomerulus (cluster of blood vessels).

-Glomerular Bowman capsule.

-Proximal convoluted tubule.

-Loop of Henle.

-Distal convoluted tubule.

Front 54

Where does the blood enter the kidney from?

Back 54

Renal artery.

Front 55

Where does the blood leave the kidney from?

Back 55

Renal vein.

Front 56

Glomerulus?

Back 56

Twisted bundle of capillaries. Bring blood into the Bowmans capsule to be filtered.

Front 57

Bowman (glomerular) Capsule?

Back 57

Where blood passes through and is filtered. Has semi-permeable membrane.

Filtrate is basically blood plasma without the proteins and fats.

Front 58

Where is the most reabosorption happening?

Back 58

Proximal convoluted tubules.

Front 59

Proximal convoluted tubules?

Back 59

80% of water, amino acids, glucose, and vitamins are reabsorbed here.

Front 60

Loop of Henle?

Back 60

Reduces the volume of urine while reabsorbing sodium (Na) and Chloride (Cl).

Front 61

Distal Convoluted Tubule?

Back 61

Acid/Base balance occurs. EX: removal of excess acids from the body.

Final reabsorption or Na occurs.

Regulated by the hormone aldosterone, which is secreted by the adrenal cortex.

Increased absorption of Na causes water retention.

Front 62

Normal urine pH?

Back 62

5-6 acid pH.

Front 63

Collecting Tubules?

Back 63

Final concentrated urine.

Leads to renal pelvis. Large funnel to collect urine to ureters.

Front 64

Ureter?

Back 64

Carrys urine from kidneys to bladder.

Front 65

Bladder?

Back 65

Flow of urine out of it is controlled by a sphincter.

Front 66

Urethra?

Back 66

In female the only function is to transport urine.

In males it also transports repro fluids out.

Front 67

Equine Urinary System?

Back 67

Right kidney is heart shaped.

Front 68

Bovine Urinary System?

Back 68

Have lobulated kidneys and no renal pelvis.

Front 69

Avian Urinary System?

Back 69

Kidney supplied with afferent venous blood from renal portal system.

Ureters bring urine to the cloaca instead of bladder.

Urine is semi solid, contains white urates.

Most water reabsorbed.

Front 70

What does the Endocrine system consist of?

Back 70

Ductless glands or group of cells that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Endocrine system linked to nervous system through the hypothalamus.

Front 71

What are the 8 Endocrine Glands?

Back 71

1)Pituitary Gland

2)Thyroid Gland

3)Parathyroid Gland

4)Adrenal Gland

5)Pancreas

6)Thymus Gland

7)Gonads

8)Pineal Glands

Front 72

Pituitary Gland?

Back 72

Master gland.

Contains 2 lobes, anterior lobes and posterior lobe.

Secretes many hormones, controls other glands.

Acts in response to stimuli from the hypothalamus.

Located below hypothalamus which is connected by the infundibulum.

Front 73

Anterior lobe?

Back 73

Adenohypophyis because it produces hormones.

Called indirect acting hormones because the hormones cause their target organ to produce a second hormone.

Front 74

Posterior lobe?

Back 74

Neurohypophysis because it responds to neurologic stimulus and does not produce hormones but rather stores and secretes hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Called direct acting hormones because they produce desired effect directly in the target organ.

Front 75

Thyroid gland?

Back 75

One gland.

Butterfly shaped with left and right lobe.

Located on either side of the larynx.

Regulates metabolism and iodine uptake.

Front 76

Parathyroid glands?

Back 76

Four glands on the surface of the thyroid gland.

Secretions help regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels.

Front 77

Adrenal glands?

Back 77

Two small glands located cranial to each kidney.

Regulates electrolytes, metabolism, sexual functions and the bodys response to injury.

Consists of two parts: adrenal cortex (outer) and adrenal medulla (inner)

Front 78

Pancreas?

Back 78

One gland near the proximal portion of the duodenum.

Has endocrine and exocrine functions.

Specialized cells are called Islets of Langerhans.

Front 79

Thymus gland?

Back 79

One gland located near the midline, in the cranioventral portion of the thoracic cavity.

The gland is predominant in young animals and has immunologic function.

Front 80

Gonads?

Back 80

Ovaries or testicles (paired).

Gamete (sex cells) producing glands.

Front 81

Pineal glands?

Back 81

One is located in the central protion of the brain.

The entire function is not fully understood, but know that it secretes hormones that affect the circadian rhythm.

Front 82

Anterior Pituitary Gland produces what hormones?

Back 82

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PROLACTIN, GH, MSH.

Front 83

TSH?

Back 83

Thyroid stimulating hormone. Affects growth and thyroid gland.

Front 84

ACTH?

Back 84

Adenocorticotropic hormone. Affects growth and adrenal glands.

Front 85

FSH?

Back 85

Follicle stimulating hormone. Secretion of estrogen and growth of eggs in ovaries or sperm.

Front 86

LH?

Back 86

Luteinizing hormone. Involved in ovulation and aids in maintaining pregnancy.

Front 87

PROLACTIN?

Back 87

Involved in milk secretion and maternal behavior.

Front 88

GH?

Back 88

Growth hormone.

Front 89

MSH?

Back 89

Melanocyte stimulating hormone. Skin pigmentation.

Front 90

Posterior Pituitary Gland produces what hormones?

Back 90

ADH, and OXYTOCIN.

Front 91

ADH?

Back 91

Antidiuretic hormone. Maintains water balance by influencing water reabsorption.

Front 92

OXYTOCIN?

Back 92

Stimulates uterine contractions during birth and milk let down.

Front 93

Thyroid gland produces what hormones?

Back 93

T3, T4, and Calcitonin.

Front 94

T3?

Back 94

Triiodothyronine. Regulates metabolism.

Front 95

T4?

Back 95

Tertraiodothyronine or Thyroxine. Regulates metabolism.

Front 96

Calcitonin?

Back 96

Regulates blood calcium levels. Stimulates movement of calcium into the bone.

Front 97

Parathyroid glands produce what hormone?

Back 97

PTH.

Front 98

PTH?

Back 98

Increases blood calcium levels by reducing bone calcium levels. Regulates phosphorus levels of blood and bone.

Front 99

Adrenal Cortex produces what hormones?

Back 99

STEROIDS

Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens.

Front 100

Mineralocorticoids?

Back 100

Group of corticosteroids that regulate water and electrolyte balance.

Front 101

Glucocorticoids?

Back 101

Group of corticosteroids that regulate carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Also resistance to stress and immunologic functions EX: hydrocortisone

Front 102

Androgen?

Back 102

Group of corticosteroids involved in development and maintenance of male sex charecters.

Front 103

Adrenal Medulla hormones?

Back 103

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.

Front 104

Paratineum?

Back 104

Abdominal cavity.

Front 105

Epinephrine?

Back 105

Adrenaline. Simulates SNS (sympathtic nervous system)

Front 106

Norepinephrine?

Back 106

Noradrenaline. Simulates SNS (sympathetic nervous system)

Front 107

Pancreas hormones?

Back 107

Insulin and glucagon.

Front 108

Insulin?

Back 108

Decreases blood glucose and transports glucose.

Front 109

Glucagon?

Back 109

Increases blood glucose by stimulating liver to convert glycogen to glucose.

Front 110

Thymus hormones?

Back 110

Thymosin.

Front 111

Thymosin?

Back 111

Maturation of WBC.

Front 112

Ovaries hormones?

Back 112

Estrogen and progesterone.

Front 113

Estrogen?

Back 113

Development of secondary sex charecteristics and regulates ovulation.

Front 114

Progesterone?

Back 114

Maintains pregnency.

Front 115

Testes hormone?

Back 115

Testosterone.

Front 116

Testosterone?

Back 116

Development of secondary sex characteristics.

Front 117

Pineal Gland hormone?

Back 117

Melatonin.

Front 118

Melatonin?

Back 118

Controls body rhythm and repro timing.

Front 119

Prostaglandins?

Back 119

Produced in almost every bone.

Regulates cells.

Can cause constriction of vessels.

Front 120

Ovaries?

Back 120

Suspended from dorsal wall by Broad and Round suspensory ligaments.

Produce Ova and hormones. (Which hormones does the ovaries make?)

Front 121

Oviducts?

Back 121

Tubes from ovary to uterus.

Also called fallopian tube.

Attached by the proper ligament.

Fertilization occurs here.

Front 122

Uterus?

Back 122

Attached by the Broad and Round ligaments

Uterine opening is protected by the CERVIX.

Front 123

Vulva consists of what 2 parts?

Back 123

Vestibule and Labia.

Front 124

Vestibule?

Back 124

Short space between labia and opening of vagina

Muscular

Prevents penis from dismounting

Front 125

Labia?

Back 125

Outside border edge of the vulva. becomes red and swollen during estrous cycle.

Front 126

What hormone is released to produce milk let down and induces labor?

Back 126

Oxytocin.