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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In humans, what disease does HIV-1 cause? |
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
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Why is HIV-1 virus so devastating to the human immune system? |
It is the only virus that infects cells of the immune system (specifically CD4 T cells) |
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The phenomenon of using host cell receptors for tissue invasion is known as what? |
Tissue Tropism |
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What is CCR5? |
CCR5 is a CHEMOKINE receptor |
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) Name a second host cell receptor bound by gp120 and name the cell type on which this receptor is displayed |
CD4 on CD4 T cells |
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Immunity to viruses is maintained by which three components of the innate immune system? |
Type 1 interferons Complement Natural Killer cells |
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Adaptive immunity to viral infection is maintained by which two components of the cellular and humoral immune systems? |
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or CD8 T cellsAntibody |
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Describe briefly two mechanisms through which antibodies provide immunity to viral infections (2 marks) |
Neutralisation Natural Killer cell-mediated ADCC |
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Name two opportunistic yeast pathogens of AIDS patients |
Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma |
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The ability of yeast pathogens to switch between yeast and filamentous growth forms is known as what? |
Dimorphism |
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Name an opportunistic mould pathogen of immunocompromised patients |
Aspergillus, Fusarium, Scedosporium, Mucor |
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Pulmonary infections by moulds are typically found in patients with which type of cancer? |
Haematological malignancies |
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Which two types of immune cells are crucial for maintaining pulmonary immunity to fungal pathogens? |
Macrophages and neutrophils |
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What reaction is the SodC enzyme likely to be catalysing? |
The conversion of superoxide to peroxide. |
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How might a toxoid be generated for use in a vaccine? |
By chemical toxoiding (formaldehyde) (1 mark) or by using a modified gene encoding a genetic toxoid (1 mark). |
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What type of immune response would you expect a toxoid vaccine to induce? |
Antibody response. |
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How might this response protect against disease? |
By neutralising the toxin. |
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John has inherited from his parents a mutation on both copies of his RAG1 gene. a) What type of disease do you expect him to suffer from? |
Immunodeficiency (specifically Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency - SCID) |
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Where would you expect his B cell development to be arrested? |
At the transition between proB to preB cell stage |
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What box (region) will then primarily need to undergo somatic hyper-mutation? |
V region |
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Briefly, explain why the v region will need to undergo somatic hyper-mutation |
To increase antibody affinity to the virus |
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Name an enzyme that can perform this function |
Activation induced deaminase (AID). |
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Amy is currently breastfeeding a newborn baby. Name the process that needs to happen next for her to directly confer such immunity to her newborn? ( |
Class Switch Recombination (CSR). |
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Intrigued by the germinal centre reaction, you find a way to eliminate the follicular dendritic cell in a mouse model. Give some expected phenotypes of your mice |
Immunodeficiency Autoimmunity Some loss in B cell memory |
