Ca Med Lab

Front 1

What is the purpose of a nail trim?

Back 1

1. to prevent traumatic nail fracture
2. to trim damaged or ingrown nails
3. to allow normal ambulation of foot pads
4. to minimize damage to property, people and other pets

Front 2

What are the complications of nail trimming?

Back 2

1. Minor hemorrhage
2. Permanent deformity of toenails

Front 3

What cauterizing agents can be used for a nail trim?

Back 3

Silver nitrate or ferrous subsulfate

Front 4

What should be avoided when cutting the nails?

Back 4

The vascular matrix that contains blood vessels and nerves

Front 5

How should guillotine clippers be placed on the nail?

Back 5

Screw facing the base of the toenail to avoid clipping too short.

Front 6

Where on the nail is it safe to trim?

Back 6

Trim 2 mm distal to the vascular matrix, or examine clipped section to see when nail becomes "meaty" and lighter in color.

Front 7

What complication can arise when using electrocautery to a bleeding nail?

Back 7

Permanent nail deformity

Front 8

When are scissor type nail clippers indicated?

Back 8

When nail has grown into the surrounding pad.

Front 9

How often should nails be trimmed/filed?

Back 9

Monthly, so as to allow the matrix to retract and the nail to be shortened.

Front 10

What is gastric lavage?

Back 10

Flushing and evacuating of gastric contents

Front 11

When is gastric lavage indicated?

Back 11

1. Ingestion of a toxic substance
2. Overdose of medication
3. Gastric Dilation

Front 12

What are the complications of gastric lavage?

Back 12

1. Aspiration of gastric contents
2. Instillation of fluid into the respiratory system
3. Trauma to the pharynx/larynx

Front 13

What positioning is used for gastric lavage?

Back 13

Animal is in sternal for passing of the tube. The head is held upright while fluid is being instilled, and the animal is rolled into left lateral recumbency once the stomach is filled.

Front 14

How long after a toxic ingestion is gastric lavage considered useful?

Back 14

1 Hour

Front 15

If animal is unconscious, what should be done to facilitate gastric lavage?

Back 15

Place a cuffed endotracheal tube and inflate it.

Front 16

What PE parameters can be evaluated to determine suitability for gastric lavage?

Back 16

Pupillary Light Response, swallow reflex and alertness

Front 17

What type and volume of fluid should be used for gastric lavage?

Back 17

Isotonic electrolyte solution at 5-6 mL/kg

Front 18

Why is left lateral recumbency used for gastric lavage?

Back 18

Facilitates bathing of the fundus.

Front 19

How should a gastric lavage tube be removed?

Back 19

Slowly, with a thumb over the end to prevent loss of gastric contents into the esophagus/mouth.

Front 20

What are the purposes of orogastric intubation?

Back 20

1. Administer medication and contrast material
2. To remove stomach contents
3. To perform gastric lavage
4. To administer nutrients

Front 21

What are the potential complications of orogastric intubation?

Back 21

1. administration of material into the respiratory tract
2. esophageal trauma
3. gastric irritation
4. gastric perforation

Front 22

What size tubes should be used for orogastric intubation?

Back 22

12F for puppies and kittens, 18F for dogs <40lbs, foal stomach tube for dogs >40lbs

Front 23

How is an orogastric tube measured?

Back 23

Following the curvature of the neck until the tube is at the point of the last rib.

Front 24

What does inability to pass a stomach tube indicate?

Back 24

1. Tube has been placed in the trachea
2. There is an esophageal obstruction
3. Gastric volvulus has occured

Front 25

How can placement of a stomach tube be confirmed?

Back 25

1. Palpation of two tubes in the neck (trachea and stomach tube)
2. Smelling the tube opening
3. Blow into the tube while an assistant auscults for gurgling.
4. Administer 5 mL of sterile saline and listen for a cough.

Front 26

What is the difference between a TTW and an ETW?

Back 26

TTW is performed percutaneously through the cricothyroid membrane or an annular ligament. an ETW is done through a sterile ET tube.

Front 27

What are the indications for a TTW?

Back 27

1. Chronic respiratory tract disorders with an undefined etiology.
2. Chronic respiratory tract disorders that fail to respond to symptomatic therapy.
3. Patients with primary parenchymal disease.

Front 28

What are the Pros of TTW?

Back 28

Can be done in the awake or slightly sedated patient and patients are able to cough so it yields a more diagnostic sample.

Front 29

When are TTW's contraindicated?

Back 29

Small dogs or cats, fractious patients and patients with a coagulopathy.

Front 30

What are the complications of a TTW?

Back 30

SQ emphysema, pneumomediastinum and hematoma

Front 31

What size needle and catheter should be used for a TTW?

Back 31

16g needle and a 3.5F catheter.

Front 32

What position should an animal be in for a TTW?

Back 32

Sternal recumbency

Front 33

What analgesia is necessary for a TTW?

Back 33

Local block with 2% lidocaine

Front 34

At what level in the respiratory system do you want the catheter to reach?

Back 34

Just proximal to the tracheal bifurcation (4th-6th intercostal space)

Front 35

At what location should the TTW be performed in small dogs?

Back 35

Through the cricothyroid membrane

Front 36

At what location should a TTW be performed on a large breed dog?

Back 36

Through the annular ligament between two tracheal rings on midline near the thoracic inlet.

Front 37

How large should saline boluses be for the purpose of TTW?

Back 37

3-10 mLs depending on patient size

Front 38

How much fluid should you expect to retrieve after infusion during a TTW?

Back 38

Only 10% of the original volume

Front 39

Why might ETW be preferable to a TTW?

Back 39

This procedure will by pass the cons of a TTW and be less stressful to the patient.

Front 40

What are the cons of performing an ETW?

Back 40

Patient must be anesthetized, risk of oropharyngeal contamination, and patients cannot cough which will decrease yield.

Front 41

What are normal cytological findings from a tracheal wash?

Back 41

Pulmonary macrophages, respiratory ciliated epithelial cells,neutrophils, eosinophils and mucus.

Front 42

What does the absence of cells on a TTW cytology indicate?

Back 42

Inadequate procedure

Front 43

What type of bacteria indicate pathology on a TTW cytology sample?

Back 43

Intracellular bacteria

Front 44

What species of bacteria indicates oropharyngeal contamination?

Back 44

Simonsiella spp.

Front 45

If a tracheal wash is non-diagnostic, what procedure is indicated?

Back 45

Bronchoscopy

Front 46

What are the indications for arthrocentesis?

Back 46

Joint pain
Joint distention

Front 47

What are the possible complications from arthrocentesis?

Back 47

1. Cartilage damage
2. Infectious arthritis
3. Hemarthrosis

Front 48

What size needle should be used for arthrocentesis?

Back 48

22 g

Front 49

What should be done with blood tinged joint fluid?

Back 49

Place it in a collection tube with anticoagulant.

Front 50

What are the indications for urinary catheterization?

Back 50

1. obtain a sample when cysto is not successful
2. placement of an indwelling catheter
3. allow access for certain imaging studies

Front 51

What are the possible complications of urinary catheterization?

Back 51

1. Urethral or bladder trauma/irritation
2. Urinary tract infection

Front 52

When catheterizing the male dog, where might you feel resistance to the catheter?

Back 52

At the level of the os penis or the prostate gland.

Front 53

How do you know when the catheter has entered the bladder?

Back 53

Urine is obtained

Front 54

What is the landmark for catheterizing female dogs?

Back 54

The urethral papilla on the vaginal floor

Front 55

What piece of equipment can be used to aid the placement of a urinary catheter in a female dog?

Back 55

Otoscope

Front 56

What technique should be used to relieve a urinary blockage in the male cat?

Back 56

Urinary catheterization and retropulsion.

Front 57

What material is best suited to long term catheter placement?

Back 57

Polyethylene catheters

Front 58

True or false: Cats do not have a urethral papilla.

Back 58

False! They do, just like the dog.

Front 59

How is a long term catheter secured to the patient?

Back 59

A butterfly made of tape is wrapped around the catheter, and then the two sides are sutured to the prepuce or vulva. Finally, the tape is secured to the tail or the abdomen.

Front 60

How is the risk of a Urinary Tract infection reduced?

Back 60

Change everything distal to the catheter daily, keep the animal immaculately clean, and apply an antibiotic ointment on the end of the catheter 3 times daily.

Front 61

What are the indications for cystocentesis?

Back 61

1. To obtain a sterile sample for culture
2. To evacuate a bladder that cannot be catheterized

Front 62

What are the potential complications of cystocentesis?

Back 62

1. Hematuria
2. Laceration of the bladder
3. Laceration of the bowel

Front 63

What should be done if no urine is obtained on cysto?

Back 63

DO NOT REDIRECT! Completely withdraw the needle and reinsert.

Front 64

During a ventral cysto, what can be done to locate the appropriate site for the stick?

Back 64

Drip alcohol on the caudal abdomen to find the divet where the liquid pools.

Front 65

What is a dental ATP?

Back 65

Assessment, treatment, prevention.

Front 66

What does dental COHAT stand for?

Back 66

Complete oral health assessment and treatment.

Front 67

What are the most commonly fractured teeth in the canine?

Back 67

Canine teeth and maxillary 4th premolar

Front 68

What are the stages of periodontal disease?

Back 68

Stage 1:Gingivitis without evidence of loss of attachment
Stage 2: Periodontitis with <25% loss of attachment
Stage 3:Periodontitis with 25-50% loss of attachment
Stage 4: Periodontitis with >50% loss of attachment

Front 69

Where on the tooth is it safe to use a scaler?

Back 69

Only supragingivally

Front 70

How long can you use a scaler on a tooth and why?

Back 70

No more than 15 seconds, as they get hot and can cause thermal damage to the tooth.

Front 71

What instrument is safe to use on subgingival plaque?

Back 71

Curette

Front 72

How can you determine if a tooth has endodontic disease?

Back 72

1. Obvious crown fracture
2. Pulpitis (tooth discoloration)
3. Transillumination
4. Radiographically

Front 73

What are the two types of bone loss in dentistry?

Back 73

Horizontal and vertical bone loss

Front 74

At what stage or periodontal disease should extraction be considered?

Back 74

Stage 3

Front 75

How can the risk of slippage be reduced when using elevators for an extraction?

Back 75

Hold the elevator with a finger close to the tip, and use a twisting motion toward the buccal aspect of the tooth while not putting a lot of downward pressure.

Front 76

When should extraction be recommended?

Back 76

When there has been greater than 50% bone loss, when there is significant tooth pathology, or when it is in the best interest of the patient or other more important teeth.

Front 77

What teeth are best suited for simple extraction?

Back 77

Teeth that have a single root or are multi-rooted but have been sectioned. Also if they are significantly diseased.

Front 78

What regions does an infraorbital block desensitize?

Back 78

Soft tissue, bone and teeth of the maxilla

Front 79

What regions does an inferior alveolar block desensitize?

Back 79

Soft tissue, bone and teeth of the mandible. Sometimes that side of the tongue as well.

Front 80

How is the inferior alveolar block performed?

Back 80

Insert the needle on the lingual side of the mandible to the level of the mandibular foramen. Intraoral or extraoral.

Front 81

How long does bupivacaine last when giving as local anesthesia?

Back 81

3-10 hours

Front 82

When is surgical extraction of teeth indicated?

Back 82

Multirooted teeth, healthy teeth that have been fractured, teeth that break during non-surgical extraction, removing deciduous canine teeth.

Front 83

How can the buccal bone surrounding a tooth that needs to be removed be exposed?

Back 83

Create a mucoperiosteal flap

Front 84

What are skin scrapings used for most commonly?

Back 84

Finding skin mites, and less commonly nematodes.

Front 85

What is a woods lamp used for in dermatological diagnostics?

Back 85

Diagnosing dermatophytosis caused my Microsporum spp. Will glow an apple green color.

Front 86

What is tricography?

Back 86

Microscopic examination of forcefully plucked hairs

Front 87

How can you ensure that you have a deep enough scraping to find demodex?

Back 87

Firmly squeeze the skin to extrude the mites from the pores AND scrape until you have capillary oozing.

Front 88

Where in the lesion should diagnostic samples be taken?

Back 88

At the active edge of the lesion