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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bulk chemicals |
Chemicals that are produced on a large scale |
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Fine chemicals |
Chemicals that are produced on a smaller scale |
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Raw materials |
The naturally occurring substances which are needed e.g. crude oil and natural gas |
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Feedstocks |
The actual reactants needed for the process e.g. hydrogen and ethanol |
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By-products |
Chemicals produced in a reaction which you do not need. They could be useful or they could be waste |
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Heat exchangers |
Use excess heat to produce steam or hot water for other reactions - saving energy and money |
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Sustainable processes |
Ones that meet people's needs today without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs |
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Atom economy |
Tells you how much of the mass of the reactants ends up as useful products |
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Exothermic reactions |
Reactions that release heat to the surroundings. Energy is released when new bonds are formed and the energy released by forming bonds is greater than the energy used to break them |
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Endothermic reactions |
Reactions that take in heat. Energy must be supplied to break existing bonds and the energy used to break bonds is greater than the energy released by forming them |
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Bond energy |
Used to calculate the overall energy change for a reaction |
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Activation energy |
The minimum amount of energy needed for bonds to break and a reaction to start |
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Catalyst |
A substance which changes the speed of a reaction, without being used up in the reaction |
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Reversible reaction |
One where the products of the reaction can themselves react to produce the original reactants |
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Closed system |
None of the reactants or products can escape |
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Equilibrium |
The relative % quantities of reactants and products will reach a certain balance and stay there |
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Dynamic equilibrium |
The reactions are still taking place in both directions, but the overall effect is nil because the forward and reverse reactions cancel each other out. The reactions are taking place at exactly the same rate in both directions |
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The Haber process |
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 |
