Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
1 What is qualitative analysis? |
What substances are present |
|
|
|
2 What is quantitative analysis? |
The amount of substances present |
|
|
|
3 Describe the flame tests for Cu, Ca (or Li, Sr), Na and K
|
Cu = blue green Li, Ca, Sr = red Na = yellow K = lilac |
|
|
|
4 What is the test for halide ions?
|
1. Add HNO3 2. Add AgNO3 3. Precipitate forms: White = AgCl Cream = AgBr Yellow = AgI |
|
|
|
5 Describe the carbonate test
|
1. add acid x 2. bubble gas through limewater 3. if limewater turns milky - CaCO3 precipitate |
CO2 --> Ca(OH) --> CaCO3 + H2O |
|
|
6 Describe the sulphate test
|
Add barium chloride (BaCl2) and HCl - white precipitate (BaSO4) |
|
|
|
7 How can one test for ions using sodium hydroxide solution?
|
Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution to each ion, then add a further 1cm (depth) of NaOH |
|
|
|
8 Which ions can be tested for using NaOH solution?
|
- Al 3+ - Ca 2+ - Cu 2+ - Fe 2+ - Fe 3+ |
|
|
|
9 What color precipitate is formed for each ion after adding a few drops of NaOH solution?
|
- Al 3+ = white precp - Ca 2+ = white precp - Cu 2+ = light blue precp - Fe 2+ = dark green precp - Fe 3+ = orange/brown precp |
|
|
|
10 What happens when excess NaOH solution is added?
|
- Al 3+ = Al(OH)3 - redissolves - Ca 2+ = goes milky ( Ca(OH2) ) - Cu 2+ = n/a - Fe 2+ = n/a - Fe 3+ = n/a |
|
|
|
11 Describe the test for ammonium ions (NH4 +)
|
- add NaOH - warm gently - ammonia gas produced (NH3) -> use damp red litmus paper (if turns blue ammonia present) |
|
|
|
12 How does one create an ionic equation?
|
1. Separate out all aqueous solutions into their ions 2. cancel out duplicate ions on both sides of equation (spectator ions) 3. ta-dah |
|
|
|
13 Does aluminium cause Alzheimer's?
|
No - there have been investigations but the evidence isn't concrete and don't support the hypothesis well enough |
|
|
|
14 How does sodium affect your kidneys?
|
Increased sodium intake = kidneys excrete more calcium into urine. Higher conc of calcium bonds with oxalates and phosphates to form stones and released in micturation (kidney stones) |
|
|
|
15 How does kidney disease affect you?
|
Kidneys no longer able to remove waste from body or balance fluids |
|
|
|
16 What is anaemia? |
Lack of red blood cells or haemoglobin production in blood |
|
|
|
17 What are three main types of getting anaemia? |
Blood loss, lowered red blood cell production or increased red blood cell breakdown |
|
|
|
18 What is the most common cause of anaemia? |
Lack of mineral iron in the body - iron needed to produce haemoglobin |
|
|
|
19 Describe 4 symptoms of anaemia |
1. Tiredness 2. Shortness of breath 3. Lack of energy 4. Pale complexion |
|
|
|
20 How does some water produce limestone precip when heated? |
Dissolved Ca or Mg compounds decompose to form insoluble compounds (limescale) |
|
|
|
21 How is temporary hardness limescale removed? |
Limescale removed when heated |
|
|
|
22 What is the equation in which limescale is produced? |
print photo innit |
|
|
|
23 What type of hardness isn't lost when heated? |
Permanent hardness |
|
|
|
24 What does ion exchange do? |
Removes both temporary and permanent hardness |
|
|
|
25 How does an ion exchange work? |
1. Ion exchange column has resin beads (polymer) 2. hard water passed through column -> +ve Ca or Mg ions swap with +ve Na ions 3. water is soft |
|
|
|
26 How is scum formed? |
Soap reacts with calcium and magnesium in hardwater |
|
|
|
27 How can one work out the conc of a solute? |
Amount of solute (g) ------------------------------------- Volume of solution (dm^3) |
|
|
|
28 What is a mole? |
Avogadro's number of particles (6.02x10^3) |
|
|
|
29 How can one find the moles of a solid compound/molecule? |
moles = mass (g) ------------------ Mr (gmol^-1) |
|
|
|
30 How does one find the conc using moles? |
conc (moldm^-3/M) = moles --------- volume (dm^3) |
|
|
|
31 What is the equation for conc if volume is in cm^3? |
conc (M) = moles x 1000 -------------------- volume (cm^3) |
|
|
|
32 How do you convert from cm^3 to dm^3? |
/1000 cm^3 dm^3 x1000 |
|
|
|
33 What is a base? |
A substance that can react with an acid in neutralization to form water and salt |
|
|
|
34 How is Copper Sulphate made? |
Sulfuric acid + copper oxide |
|
|
|
35 Describe the reaction between sulphuric acid and copper oxide |
-CuO reacts with H2SO4 but doesn't dissolve in water -CuSO4 is blue solution, but the excess CuO doesn't react so mixture turns cloudy |
|
|
|
36 What colour should CuSO4 filtrate be? |
Clear blue |
|
|
|
37 How can the pure blue color of CuSO4 be achieved? |
Filter out the excess CuO |
|
|
|
38 What happens when water evaporates? |
CuSO4 starts to crystallize (blue crystals) |
|
|
|
39 How is ammonium nitrate made? |
React ammonia w/ nitric acid |
|
|
|
40 What type of compound is ammonium nitrate? |
Soluble salt |
|
|
|
41 Why is it imperative to know how much ammonia is needed to react w/ nitric acid? |
As the products cannot be contaminated by any excess reactants |
|
|
|
42 Are indicators used? |
Yes - must be used when preparing soluble salts using soluble bases |
|
|
|
43 When does the indicator change colour? |
When sufficient acid has been added to neutralise the base |
|
|
|
44 Why are burettes used? |
Allows acid to be added drop by drop -> measure precise vol of acid needed |
|
|
|
45 How many times are titrations carried out? |
Min. of three times and then mean vol of acid is calculated |
|
|
|
46 What is left at the end of a titration? |
Only a salt and water as base reacted with acid |
|
|
|
47 What ions are formed when an acid dissolves in water? |
H+ ions, e.g.: HCL ---> H(+) + Cl(-) |
|
|
|
48 What ions are formed when a soluble base dissolves in water? |
OH+ ions, e.g.: NaOH ---> Na(+) + OH(-) |
|
|
|
49 What ions are formed if acid and base solutions are mixed together? |
H+ ions and OH- ions combine to form water: H(+) + OH(-) --> H2O |
|
|
|
50 What happens to the other ions from the acid and base when the solutions are mixed? |
They stay in the solution as the ions of dissolved salts |
|
|
|
51 What is electrolysis? |
Splitting an electrolite (aqueous or molten) with d.c. current (usually ionic compounds) |
|
|
|
52 What is commonly used as electrodes? |
Graphite |
|
|
|
53 What attracts anions? |
Anode (positive) |
|
|
|
54 What attracts cations? |
Cathode(-) |
|
|
|
55 Why would using an a.c. current not work? |
As cathodes would keep changing charge so not enough ions would collect at electrode |
|
|
|
56 Describe the arrangement of NaCl |
Regular arrangement of Na+ and Cl- ions (lattice structure) --> this is in solid state so ions in fixed poisitions |
|
|
|
57 When is electricity conducted in an ionic compound? |
When molten or aqueous as electrons free to move |
|
|
|
58 Describe the electrolysis of CuCrO4 |
- blue Cu2+ cations at cathode, - yellow CrO4(2-) anions at anode - Black copper chromate left in middle |
|
|
|
59 What is oxidation? |
The loss of electrons |
|
|
|
60 What is reduction? |
The gaining of electrons |
|
|
|
61 Where does oxidation occur? |
At the anode |
|
|
|
62 Where does reduction occur? |
At the cathode |
|
|
|
63 How are ions discharged when molten slat is electrolysed? |
As atoms or molecules at electrodes |
|
|
|
64 What is the half equation for the cathode in the electrolysis of solution? |
2H(+) + 2e- --> H2 |
|
|
|
65 What is the half equation for the anode in the electrolysis of a solution? |
4OH(-) --> 2H2O + O2 + 4e- |
|
|
|
66 In the electrolysis of CuCl2, which ions preferentially gain and lose e-s? |
Cu2+ preferentially gains e- Cl- preferentially loses e- |
|
|
|
67 In the electrolysis of CuSO4, which ions preferentially gain and lose e-s? |
Cu2+ preferentially gains e- OH- preferentially loses e- |
|
|
|
68 Why must the electrodes be inert? |
To prevent a reaction between them and the corrosive products of electrolysis |
|
|
|
69 Which gases are at the electrodes in the electrolysis of salt water? |
Hydrogen and chlorine gas |
|
|
|
70 What is the half equation for the cathode in the electrolysis of water? |
2H(+) + 2e- ---> H2 |
|
|
|
71 What is the half equation for the anode in the electrolysis of water? |
2Cl- --> Cl2 + 2e- |
|
|
|
72 What is Avagadro's number? |
1 mole of any gas at room temperature and pressure (RTP) |
|
|
|
73 What is RTP? |
Room temperature and pressure: 298K/25C 101kPa/1.1atm |
|
|
|
74 What is the gas molar volume? |
24dm^3 |
|
|
|
75 How can one work out the moles of a gas? |
volume(dm^3) --------------------- gas molar volume |
|
|
|
76 What is a dynamic equilibrium? |
When the forwards and backwards rate are the same |
|
|
|
77 What is an equilibrium? |
When the amount of product and reactant stays the same (doesn't have to be 50/50)
|
|
|
|
78 Which equilibrium involved ethanoic acid? |
ethanoic acid -> H(+) + CH3OO- <- |
|
|
|
79 How would a greater forwards rate affect the ethanoic acid equilibrium? |
Higher conc of H+ ions, equilibrium lies more to RHS, more acidic, pH lower |
|
|
|
80 What is Le Chatelier's principle? |
The position of an equilibrium will change to minimise any change in the external conditions. |
|
|
|
81 State three changes which can affect an equilibrium |
Temp, pressure of catalyst |
|
|
|
82 How does an increase in temp affect equilibrium? |
Favours endothermic direction> Takes heat from surroundings> Minimises external change |
|
|
|
83 How does a decrease in temp affect equilibrium? |
Favours exothermic direction-> Heat to surroundings |
|
|
|
84 What does ΔH mean? |
Entholpy change |
|
|
|
85 If ΔH=+ve, what does it mean? |
That the forwards direction is endothermic |
|
|
|
86 If ΔH=-ve, what does it mean? |
Forwards direction = exothermic |
|
|
|
87 When is a change in temperature relevant in equilibrium? |
In a gaseous equation only |
|
|
|
88 How is equilibrium affected by an increase in pressure? |
Equilibrium moves to side with least gas moles |
|
|
|
89 How is equilibrium affected by an decrease in pressure? |
Equilibrium moves to side with most gas moles |
|
|
|
90 How does addition/removal of a catalyst affect the equilibrium? |
It doesn't - only speeds up or slows down reaction
|
|
|
|
91 What is the Haber Process? |
The production of ammonia |
|
|
|
92 What is the equation for the Haber Process? |
3H2(s) + N2(g) --> 2NH3(g) <-- |
|
|
|
93 What is the entholpy change in the haber process? |
-ve (endothermic) |
|
|
|
94 What are fertilizers with ammonia called? |
Nitrogenous fertilizers |
|
|
|
95 Why is nitrogen used in fertilizers? |
Good for growth of plants (makes proteins) |
|
|
|
96 What causes eutrophication? |
Nitrogenous fertilizers |
|
|
|
97 Describe eutrophication |
- soluble fertilizers washed into streams (rain) - algae grows: plants decompose (no light) - decomposed by microorganisms - micro-org. use oxygen in respiration - less oxygen so animals die |
|
|
|
98 Which catalyst is used? |
Iron catalysts |
|
|
|
99 What type catalyst is used? |
Heterogeneous as different state |
|
|
|
100 How does the iron catalyst function? |
Creates weak bond with reactants -> weakens other bonds + holds molecules in correct orientation, increasing no. collisions |
|
|
|
101 How is the yield of the Haber Process maximised? |
Move the equilibrium as far to the RHS as possible |
|
|
|
102 How would change temp affect Haber Process? |
Temp. decrease favors forwards direction -> low temp = less molecules w/ activation energy = rate of reaction decreases |
Done at 450^oC |
|
|
103 How does changing pressure affect Haber Process? |
Increase pressure favors least gas moles, high P favors RHS |
|
|
|
104 Why is the pressure not increases as far as possible in the Haber Process? |
As it is unsafe and expensive |
200atm = 2x10^4 kPa |
|
|
105 What are bear and wine made from? |
Starch and sugars |
|
|
|
106 What natural organisms can be broken down into sugar? |
Fruit and crops (e.g. wheat and barley) |
|
|
|
107 What is yeast? |
Fungus (single celled) |
|
|
|
108 How does yeast produce ethanol? |
Uses sugar to respire anaerobically and produces ethanol |
|
|
|
109 What is the production of ethanol called? |
Fermentation |
|
|
|
110 How is fermentation controlled? |
Enzyme (zymase) |
|
|
|
111 What is the equation for fermentation? |
glucose --> ethanol + CO2 |
|
|
|
112 Describe two conditions required for fermentation |
1. Anaerobic - if O2 is present than H2O is produced 2. Warm - rate of reaction fast enough but not too hot (enzymes become denatured) |
|
|
|
113 Why is a seal used in fermentation? |
To keep O2 out and allow CO2 to leave |
|
|
|
114 What percentage alcohol is produced in fermentation? |
15% |
|
|
|
115 How is the conc of ethanol increased after fermentation? |
Distillation |
|
|
|
116 Why is a constant supply of col water needed in a Leiberg condenser? |
To condense the water vapour |
|
|
|
117 What is the boiling and melting point of ethanol? |
boiling point = 78.73C melting point = -114C |
|
|
|
118 What is found in the beaker after distilling ethanol? |
Ethanol and some water as ethanol has a lower boiling point |
|
|
|
119 What type hydrocarbons is crude oil made of? |
Alkanes |
|
|
|
120 What happens to alkanes during cracking? |
Longer chain alkanes are cracked into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes |
|
|
|
121 What happens when ethene (C2H4) is hydrated? |
Produces ethanol (C2H5OH) |
|
|
|
122 Which method of ethanol production is favored where temp. favours growing wheat and barley? |
Method 1 (use sugars from barley or wheat to produce ethanol in anaerobic resp. and then distill the ethanol) |
|
|
|
123 Which method of ethanol production when oil is abundant? |
Method 2 (cracking and hydrating ethanol) |
|
|
|
124 Describe alkenes |
Hydrocarbons with double bond between two carbons, general formula = CnH2n |
|
|
|
125 Describe alkanes |
Hydrocarbon with only single bonds, general formula = CnH2n+2 |
|
|
|
126 What is the functional group of alcohol |
- OH |
|
|
|
127 Define functional group |
The group of atoms contained by all members of the homologous series |
|
|
|
128 What is the general formula of alcohols? |
CnH2n+1OH |
|
|
|
129 Name the first three alcohols |
- CH3OH - methanol - C2H5OH - ethanol - C3H7OH - propanol |
|
|
|
130 What is the functional group of carboxylic acids? |
- COOH |
|
|
|
131 What is the general formula of carboxylic acids? |
CnH2nO2 |
|
|
|
132 Name the first three carboxylic acids |
- CH2OH - methanoic acid - C2H4O2 - ethanoic acid - C3H6O2 (C2H5COOH) - propanoic acid |
|
|
|
133 What are esters? |
Carboxylic acids reacted with alcohols |
|
|
|
134 Describe the general reaction to form a ester |
alcohol + carboxylic acid --> ester + water |
|
|
|
135 What is the reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid? |
ethanol + ethanoic acid --> ethyl ethanoate + water |
|
|
|
136 What type of reaction is an alcohol + carboxylic acid reaction? |
Dehydration |
|
|
|
137 What is a polyester? |
A molecule containing many bonds which are the functional group of esters |
|
|
|
138 What type molecule are all fats and oils? |
Triglycerides |
|
|
|
139 What is the difference between fats and oils? |
Fats are solids at room temperature, oils are liquids at room temp. |
|
|
|
140 What type acids are fats and oils? |
Esters |
|
|
|
141 What happens when glyceryl tristearate is boiled with NaOH? |
Fat is broken down into glycerol and stearate -> resultant salt (sodium stearate) is a soap |
|
|
|
142 What do charged substances dissolve in? |
Charged substances |
Like dissolves in like |
|
|
143 What does a molecule require so it will dissolve in water? |
A charge or partial charge |
|
|
|
144 What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon? |
One with double bonds in |
|
|
|
145 What is catalytic hydrogenation? |
When an unsaturated hydrocarbon is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst |
|
|
|
146 Give an example of catalytic hydrogenation |
Bubbling hydrogen through vegetable oil |
|
|
|
147 How does soap work? |
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts in a micelle |
|
