Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Describe the structure of the Earth. |
1) The crust is the Earth's thin outer layer. 2) The lithosphere includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. and is made up of a jigsaw of tectonic plates. 3) The mantle is the solid section between the crust and the core. 4) The core is made up of a solid inner core and a liquid outer core. |
|
|
What creates a lot of heat inside the Earth? |
Radioactive decay creates a lot of the heat inside the Earth. This heat creates convection currents in the mantle, which causes the plates of the lithosphere to move. |
|
|
What causes volcanoes and earthquakes? |
Volcanoes and earthquakes often occur where the tectonic plates meet. It's the movement of the plates against each other that causes them. |
|
|
What do seismic waves tell us about the structure of the Earth? |
1) S-waves can travel through the mantle showing it is solid. 2) S- waves are not detected in the outer core showing it is liquid. 3) P- waves travel faster through the middle of the core, which suggests it is solid. |
|
|
Describe Alfred Wegener's 1914 theory about plate tectonics. |
Wegener's theory of continental drift stated that about 300 million years ago there had been one super continent that he called Pangaea. The theory says that Pangaea broke into smaller chunks (our modern- day continents) and these chunks are slowly drifting further and further apart. |
|
|
How are volcanoes formed? |
Volcanoes occur when molten rock (magma) from the mantle of the Earth emerges through the Earth's crust after an oceanic plate and a continental plate rise. |
|
|
What is the difference between magma that forms iron-rich basalt and magma that forms silica-rich rhyolite? |
Volcanoes can produce magma that forms iron-rich basalt. The lava from the eruption is runny, and it i fairly safe. But if the magma is silica-rich rhyolite, the eruption is explosive. It produces thick lava which can be violently blown out the top of the volcano. |
|
|
What are the three steps in the formation of sedimentary rock? |
1) Sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of sediment laid down in lakes or seas. 2) Over millions of years the layers get buried under more layers and the weight squeezes the water out. 3) Fluids flowing through the pores deposit natural mineral cement. |
|
|
How are metamorphic rocks formed? |
Metamorphic rocks are formed by the action of heat and pressure on sedimentary or igneous rocks over long periods of time. |
|
|
How are igneous rocks formed? |
Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools. They contain various different minerals in randomly arranged interlocking crystals making them very hard. |
|
|
Where are aluminium and iron found? |
Aluminium and iron can be extracted from the ores in rocks, the minerals we can get useful materials from. |
|
|
How is glass made? |
Heat limestone, sand and soda until it melts. When it cools it comes out as glass. |
|
|
What are bricks made from? |
Clay is molded to form bricks and is formed from weathered and decomposed rock. |
|
|
How is cement made and how does that then become concrete? |
Powdered clay and powdered limestone are roasted in a rotating kiln to make cement. When mixed with water, a slow chemical reaction takes place causing it to gradually set hard. Cement can be mixed with sand, aggravate and water to make concrete. |
|
|
How does extracting rocks cause environmental damage? |
1) Quarries use up land and destroys habitats. It costs a lot to make the site look pretty again. 2) Transporting rocks can cause pollution. 3) The quarrying process produces a lot of dust. 4) Disused sites can be dangerous. |
|
|
What is the process used to purify copper? |
Electroloysis means "splitting up with electricity" and here is used to pass a current through a piece of impure copper to split the pure copper from the impurities. |
|
|
Describe the process of copper purification. |
1) The electrical supply pulls electrons off copper atoms at the anode, causing them to go into the solution as Cu2+ ions. 2) It then offers electrons at the cathode to turn them back to copper atoms. 3) The impurities are dropped at the anode as a sludge, whilst pure copper atoms bond to the cathode. |
|
|
What is the electrolyte used in the purification of copper? |
Copper (II) sulfate solution. |
|
|
What is the difference between an anode and a cathode and what type of reaction takes place at each? |
The anode is the positive electrode. In the purification of copper it's a big lump of impure copper which will dissolve. An oxidation reaction takes place here as it loses electrons. The cathode is the negative electrode that starts thin but grows as more is added to it. A reduction reaction takes place- the cathode gains electrons. |
|
|
What is the difference between an oxidation and a reduction reaction? |
Oxidation is the loss of electrons. Reduction is the gain. |
|
|
What is an alloy? |
An alloy is a mixture of two or more different metals or a metal and a non- metal. |
|
|
What are five examples of alloys and what are they used for? |
1) Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and is used for bridges, cutlery, ships etc. 2) Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc and is used for brass musical instruments ad screws. 3) Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and is used for springs and motor bearings. 4) Solder is an alloy of lead and tinand is used to solder things together. 5) Amalgam is an alloy containing mercuryand is used for dentistry. |
|
|
What makes a smart alloy? |
Thye have shape memory i.e. they can go back to their original shape after being bent and twisted. |
|
|
What is the word equation for rust? |
iron + oxygen + water --> hydrated iron(III) oxide |
|
|
Why doesn't aluminium rust? |
The aluminium reacts very quickly with oxygen in the air to form aluminium oxide which forms a nice protective layer that sticks to it firmly and stops any further reaction taking place. |
|
|
What the advantages and disadvantages of aluminium for a car? |
Advantages 1) It has a much lower density so the car will be lighter. 2) It corrodes less so has a longer lifetime. Disadvantages 1) Cost. |
|
|
What are the different materials used for the different parts of a car? |
1) Steel is used for the bodywork 2) Aluminium is light so is used for the engine. 3) Glass is used for windows and windscreens. 4) Plastics are light and hard-wearing so are used as internal coverings for doors, dashboards and electrical insulators. 5) Fibres are hard- wearing so are used to cover the seats and floors. |
|
|
Describe the pH scale. |
|
|
|
What does an acid and a metal oxide/ metal hydroxide form? |
acid + metal oxide/ metal hydroxide--> salt + water NEUTRALISATION (i.e. pH of 7) |
|
|
What do acids and carbonates form? |
acid + carbonate --> salt + water + carbon dioxide |
|
|
What do acids and ammonia form? |
acid + ammonia --> ammonium salt |
|
|
What does a fertiliser do and what are the three min elements? |
A fertiliser increases crop yield, making them grow faster and bigger. The main elements are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. |
|
|
What is the formula for ammonia? |
NH3 |
|
|
What is eutrophication? |
1) When fertiliser is put on fields some of it runs off to rivers and streams. 2) The level of nitrates and phosphates in the river rise. 3) Algae living in the river use the nutrients to multiply rapidly creating an algal bloom. This blocks the light to the river plants below who then can't photosynthesize and then die. 4) Aerobic bacteria feed on the dead plants and multiply using up all the oxygen in the water. As a result everything dies, including the fish and insects. 5) This process is called eutrophication. |
|
|
How do you prepare ammonium nitrate in the lab? |
1) Place ammonia and indicator in the conical flask. 2) Put nitric acid into the burette. 3) Add until neutralisation is indicated. |
|
|
What is percentage yield? |
Percentage yield compares how much yield you think you'll get with how much you actually get. It's a percentage somewhere between 0 and 100. |
|
|
What are the conditions used for the Haber Process? |
Pressure: High (200 atmospheres) Temperature: 450 degrees Celsius Catalyst: Iron |
|
|
Describe the Haber process. |
|
|
|
What is the equation for the Haber process in the manufacture of ammonia? |
|
|
|
What are the five things that change production cost? |
1) Price of energy 2) Cost of raw materials 3) Labour cost (wages) 4) Plant costs (equipment) 5) Rate of production |
|
|
What are optimum conditions? |
Optimum conditions are those that give the lowest production cost. |
|
|
What is the chemical formula for salt? |
NaCl (sodium chloride) |
|
|
What are the three main products of brine electrolysis? |
Hydrogen gas, chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide. |
|
|
What are the products of the chlor-alkali process used for? |
1) Hydrogen gas is used for ammonia 2) The chlorine is used to disinfect water, to make plastics, solvents or hydrochloric acid. 3) The sodium hydroxide is used to make soap, or can be reacted with chlorine to make household bleach. |
