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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Esters occur naturally, but how are they made?
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By reacting an alcohol with an organic acid. A little sulfuric acid is needed as a catalyst.
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What are esters used in?
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perfumes, and as solvents.
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Perfumes have a pleasant smell and they stimulate [what] in the nose?
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Receptors
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Some perfumes are obtained from natural sources, such as:
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lavender oil or sandalwood oil.
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Volatile liquids evaporate easily. True or false?
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True
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What are esters?
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chemicals with pleasant smells.
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What is the general word equation for the making esters reaction?
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alcohol + organic acid → ester + water
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Give an example equation for making an ester.
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methanol + butanoic acid → methyl butanoate + water
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What is a solvent?
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a liquid that dissolves substances.
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The substance that dissolves is called the:
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Solute
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The mixture formed by a solvent and solute is called a:
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Solution
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Substances that can dissolve in a particular solvent are:
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Soluble
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Substances that cannot dissolve in a particular solvent are:
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Insoluble
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Esters do not act as solvents. True or false?
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False
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Whether or not a substance will dissolve in a particular solvent depends on the relative strengths of the attractive forces between the:
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solute particles and solvent particles.
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What is the 1st step of medical drug testing?
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The drugs are tested using computer models and human cells grown in the laboratory.
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What is the 2nd step of medical drug testing?
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Drugs that pass the first stage are tested on animals. A typical test involves giving a known amount of the substance to the animals, then monitoring them carefully for any side-effects.
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What is the 3rd step of medical drug testing?
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Drugs that have passed animal tests are used in clinical trials. They are tested on healthy volunteers to check they are safe. The substances are then tested on people with the illness that the drugs are designed to treat to ensure that they are safe and work properly.
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Why is drug development expensive and takes a long time?
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Because most substances do not pass all the tests and trials
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In the UK, new medicines have to be tested on:
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Animals
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The ester made from butanol and ethanoic acid is:
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butyl ethanoate.
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When an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react, they make an ester and what other product?
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Water
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Perfumes are very volatile. This is so:
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the smell reaches the nose quickly.
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Why does nail varnish dissolve in nail varnish remover?
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Nail varnish particles have strong forces of attraction to nail varnish remover particles
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Substances that are very volatile:
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Evaporate easily
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