C. Talda Ap Euro Palmer Ch. 6

Front 1

Bacon

Back 1

- english, 1561-1626
- published two parts of Instauratio Magna or Great Renewal which called for a complete new start in science and civilization
-came up with induction and deduction methods
-the advancement of learning and the new atlantis
-was lord chancellor of england

Front 2

Descartes

Back 2

-french, 1596-1650
-great mathematician
-came up with coordinates and could graph points as a curve
-discourse on method
-cartesian dualism

Front 3

Montaigne

Back 3

-french essayist
- 1533-1592
-que sais-je? or what do I know

Front 4

Paracelsus

Back 4

-charlatans, mixed magic and valid science in a way hardl understandable to later or modern scientists
-sixteenth century

Front 5

Nostradamus

Back 5

-sixteenth century charlatan

Front 6

empiricism

Back 6

the doctrine that all knowledge is derived from sense experience

Front 7

induction

Back 7

arriving at knowledge based on observed facts of the general nature

Front 8

deduction

Back 8

-draw logical implications from what we already know byt we learn no more of the nature than what we knew at the begining

Front 9

"I think, therefore I am

Back 9

-thought by descartes
-could not doubt his own exisstence as a thinking and doubting being

Front 10

Cartesian dualism

Back 10

-god created two fundamental realities in the universe. one was thinking substance which is everything in the mind spirit or consciousness the subjective experience. the other was extended substance which was everything out side the mind or objective

Front 11

scientific method

Back 11

-thought process on figuring out a question using deductive and inductive reasoning

Front 12

Ptolemy

Back 12

-Greek who had codified ancient astronomy in the second century AD, educated europeans had held a conception of the cosmos which we call Ptolemaic

Front 13

Copernicus

Back 13

-1473-1543, born in Poland of German and Polish background
-studied in Italy, wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenlly Orbs" which said that the sun was the center of the solar system and the whole universe and said the earth was a planet revolving in space around it

Front 14

Galileo

Back 14

-1564-1642built a telescope and saw the rough and apparently mountainous surface of the moon, saw that the sun had spots, discovered jupiter had satellites and moons, inertia

Front 15

Kepler

Back 15

-1571-1630, assistant to copernicous
-german
-mathematical mystic, part-time astrologer, scientific genius
-believed the orbits of the planets were perfect circles, however he discovered them to be ellipses

Front 16

Bruno

Back 16

Italian philosopher who used Copernican principles in formulating his cosmic theory of an infinite universe. Condemned by the Inquisition for heresy, immoral conduct, and blasphemy, he was burned at the stake

Front 17

Newton

Back 17

-1642-1727
-published his mathematical Principles of natural philosophywhich said all motion could be timed and measured, this force was universal gravitation

Front 18

Vesalius

Back 18

Flemish anatomist and surgeon who is considered the founder of modern anatomy. His major work, On the Structure of the Human Body (1543), was based on meticulous dissection of cadavers

Front 19

Galen

Back 19

Greek anatomist, physician, and writer. His theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance

Front 20

Harvey

Back 20

English physician, anatomist, and physiologist who discovered the circulation of blood in the human body (1628

Front 21

Malpighi

Back 21

Italian anatomist who was the first to use a microscope in the study of anatomy and discovered the capillary system

Front 22

Leeuwenhoek

Back 22

Dutch naturalist and microscopy pioneer. His careful observations resulted in accurate descriptions of bacteria, spermatozoa, and red blood cells

Front 23

de Graaf

Back 23

was a Dutch physician and anatomist who made key discoveries in reproductive biology

Front 24

Napier

Back 24

Scottish mathematician: inventor of logarithms.

Front 25

Pascal

Back 25

-french scientist, mathamatician, and troubled christian believer
-Pensees or Thoughts

Front 26

Leibniz

Back 26

German philosopher and mathematician. He invented differential and integral calculus independently of Newton and proposed an optimist metaphysical theory that included the notion that we live in "the best of all possible worlds."

Front 27

Tycho Brahe

Back 27

Danish astronomer whose accurate astronomical observations formed the basis for Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion

Front 28

logarithms

Back 28

the exponent of the power to which a base number must be raised to equal a given number; log: 2 is the logarithm of 100 to the base 10 (2 = log10 100).

Front 29

epicycles

Back 29

a small circle the center of which moves around in the circumference of a larger circle: used in Ptolemaic astronomy to account for observed periodic irregularities in planetary motions.

Front 30

geocentrism

Back 30

-the earth is the center of the universe

Front 31

heliocentric theory

Back 31

-the sun is the center of the universe

Front 32

Bayle

Back 32

- 164701706, greatest spokesman of skepticism
-he was influenced by the scientific discoveries though he did not understand them, he knew many beliefs were without scentific foundatioin

Front 33

Halley

Back 33

-first man to predict the return of a commet
-indentified the comet of 1682 with the one observed in 1302, 1456, 1531, and 1607 and predicted its reappearance in 1757 it appeared however in 1759

Front 34

Bishop Usher

Back 34

-anglican prelate of Ireland said that 4004 BC was the creation of the world

Front 35

Simon

Back 35

- a french priest, who in 1678 published a pioneering work in biblical criticism in Critical History of the Old Testament

Front 36

Spinoza

Back 36

-1632-1677, lens grinder of Amsterdam, and a Jew who was excommunicated by his own synagogue
-said God had no existence apart from the world, and that everything was itself an aspect of God a philosophy called pantheism but many considered it to be atheistic

Front 37

Locke

Back 37

-1632-1704 englishmanadvocated an established church but with toleration of all except roman catholics and atheists which he though are dangerous to society
-also argued whether anything was known to be true with certainty in his Essay Concerning the Human Understanding

Front 38

Grotius

Back 38

Dutch jurist, politician, and theologian whose major work Of the Law of War and Peace (1625) is considered the first comprehensive treatise on international law.

Front 39

Hobbes

Back 39

English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan (1651), in which he argues that the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign

Front 40

relativism

Back 40

A theory, especially in ethics or aesthetics, that conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them.

Front 41

skepticism

Back 41

-all beliefs are relative, varying with time and place

Front 42

pantheism

Back 42

-any religious belief or philosophical doctrine that identifies God with the universe

Front 43

tabula rasa

Back 43

a mind not yet affected by experiences, impressions; created by John Locke

Front 44

theory of natural law

Back 44

-there is a natural law that distinguishes from right and wrong

Front 45

state of nature

Back 45

a wild primitive state untouched by civilization; "he lived in the wild

Front 46

Leviathan

Back 46

a philosophical work (1651) by Thomas Hobbes dealing with the political organization of society.